nitheea高二英语英语频道

Unit 16 The Sea

本单元重点单词

seaside n.海滨　 beach n.海（河、湖）滩

dive v. 跳水 sailor n. 水手

navy n. 海军　 bathe v. 游泳；洗澡

time v. 测定……的时间；记录…...的时间　 drown v. 溺死；淹没

cycle v. 骑自行车　 salty adj. 盐的；咸的；含盐的

vast adj. 巨大的；广阔的　 surface n. 表面

solid n.& adj. 固体（的）　 mineral n. 矿物质；矿物

seaweed n. 海草；海藻　 various adj. 各种各样的；不同的

coral n. 珊瑚；珊瑚虫　 variety n. 多样化；种类

depth n. 深；深度；厚度　　 low-lying adj. 地势低洼的

float v. 漂浮；浮动　 partly adv. 部分地；在一定程度上

spring n. 泉水；泉　 merely adv. 仅仅；只不过

huge adj. 巨大的；庞大的　 cubic adj. 立方体的；立方形的

pole n. 极（点）　 occur v. 发生

beg v. 乞求；请求　 treasure n. 金银财宝；财富

captain n. 船长；舰长　 voyage n. 航行；航海

load n. 担子；货物

本单元重点短语

do well 做得好　 make up one’s mind 下决心

take a deep breath 深呼吸　 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸

intend to do something试想去做 come up 上升；抬头；上来

go cycling 骑车　 by weight 按重量

manage to do something做成了某事 beg one’s pardon请原谅

cubic metre立方米 on （the ）average 平均

at a time 每次；一次　 leave… out 省略

一、精彩回放

（一）重点单词

1. dive

【用法】v. 跳下水；下沉；冲进；急跑

例1：Tom dived from the bridge to rescue the drowning child.

汤姆从桥上跳下去救那溺水的小孩。

例2：The whale dived as the harpoon struck it.

当鱼叉刺近入鲸的躯体时，它一头沉下水面。

例3：When the rain started, we dived into a restaurant.

下雨了，我们冲进一家饭店去躲雨。

例4：We dived for cover when the storm started.

暴风雨来临时，我们急忙寻找躺避的地方。

【相关链接】

1）diver n. 潜水员

例如：A diver went down to the seabed to examine the sunken ship.

一个潜水员潜到海底，去检查那艘沉没的轮船。

2）diving n. 跳水或潜水运动

例如：My favorite sport is diving.

我最喜好的运动是跳水。

2. bathe

【用法】v. （仔细）用水洗；游泳

例1：The nurse bathed / washed the wound.

护士冲洗伤口。

例2：On hot days we often bathe\go bathing in the river.

天热时我们常在河里\去河里游泳。

【相关链接1】

1）bathe = take/have a bath 游泳，洗澡

例如：The boys bathed and dressed and went downstairs for lunch.

男孩们洗完澡，穿好衣，便下楼吃中饭去了。

2）bath n. 游泳，洗澡

例如：Most American people like to take a bath at weekend.

大多数美国人喜欢在周末好好的洗个澡。

【相关链接2】

take a shower 洗淋浴

例如：They take a shower after getting up every morning.

他们每天早晨起床后要洗临浴。

3. drown

【用法】v. 淹死，溺死；淹没

例1：It is said that the man who slipped into the water was drowned.

据说那个人滑进水里就淹死了。

例2：He drowned himself in work. 他埋头工作。

4. time

【用法一】vt. 测定……的时间；记录……的时间

例如：Who timed me? It can’t be so.

谁为我记的时？成绩不可能是这样。

【用法二】 n.时间

例如：Time is precious.

时间是宝贵的。

【相关链接】

1）at a time一次，每

例如：You can’t eat two at a time.

你一次不能吃两个。

2）at any time在任何时候

例如：You can call on me at any time.

你随时都可以来看我。

3）at all times总是， 随时

例如：We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings.

我们应随时认识到自己的不足。

4）at no time决不

例如：We will at no time give it up.

我们决不会放弃。

5）at one time过去有段时间

例如：At one time I lived in Japan.

我曾在日本住过。

6）at times有时

例如：I do feel a little nervous at times.

有时我确实觉得有点儿紧张。

7）all the time一直

例如：It rained all the time.

天一直在下雨。

8）for the time being暂时

例如：That’s enough for the time being.

暂时是足够了。

9）in no time很快，马上

例如：I’ll be back in no time.

我马上就回来。

5. float

【用法】v. 飘，飘浮；缓慢地移动

例1：Try and float on your back.

试试仰游。

例2：The raft was floating gently down the river.

伐子沿着河水缓慢地流着。

6. occur

【用法】vi. 发生，出现

例1：The accident occurred/happened early this morning.

事故发生在今天早上凌晨。

例2：An idea occurred to me.

我突然想到一个办法。

【相当链接】当事件等作主语时，occur与happen完全同义，可以交换使用，都表“发生”之意。在表示“在脑海中出现某种想法”时，应使用occur 而不用happen。在表示“碰巧做某事，偶然做某事”时，应使用happen而不用occur。

例如：At that moment I happened to have no money about me.

那时，碰巧我没带钱。

（二）重要词组

1. by weight

by weight 按重量（计算）

例如：The goods are charged by weight.

货物按重量计费。

【相关链接】

1）sell by the pound按磅出售

例如：The loads are sold by the pound.

货物按磅出售。

2）pay sb. by the day （week, month, hour）按天（周，月，时）

例如：The workers are paid by the day.

工人们的工资是按天来算的。

3）sell cloth by the yard按码卖布

例如：Cloth is sold by the yard.

按码卖布。

4）sell eggs by the dozen按打卖蛋

例如：They sell eggs by the dozen in the market.

集市上他们按打卖蛋。

5）charge sb. by volume（weight）按体积（重量）收费

例如：They charged me by volume for my goods.

他们按体积收取我的货物费用。

6）get one’s pay by piece计件

例如：We get our pay by piece.

我们的报酬是计件的。

2. come up

come up升起；发芽；提出；出结果（是）

例1：The sun comes up in the east and goes down in the west.

太阳从东方升起，从西方落。

例2：The seeds haven’t come up yet. （发芽）

种子还没发芽。

例3：The subject came up in conversation.

这个话题在谈话中被提出来了。

例4：My number came up and I won ￡100. （中奖）

我的号码中奖了，奖金一百英磅。

【相关链接】

1）come about＝happen发生

例如：I can see how this thing came about.

我能看出这是怎样发生的。

2）come across sb.（sth.）偶然遇到

例如：Perhaps I shall come across him in Japan.

或许我会在日本碰上他。

3）come on来吧，进展，降临

例如：His business came on splendidly.

他的生意进展很顺利。

4）come off 逃脱，（柄等）脱开，（头发等）掉下

例如：The handle has come off.

手柄已经掉了。

5）come out出现，出版，真相大白

例如：The stars came out as soon as it was dark.

天一黑星星就出来了。

6）come up to达到，不负（期望等），合乎（标准）

例如：Your work does not come up to what I expect of you.

你的工作没有达到我的期望。

3. cross out

cross out 划掉

例如：Shall I cross out the names of those who haven’t come yet?

我可以把没来的人名字划掉吗？

4. leave out

leave out 省略；漏掉；不考虑；留在露天

例1：We must first decide what to leave out.

首先我们必须决定先忽略什么。

例2：If you leave your bike out at night, it will get old soon.

晚上，如果将自行车放在外面，很快会变旧。

make up 组成；构成；补偿；补足；赔偿；编造；化装；排版； 把……制成；铺床；弥补

例1：Workers and peasants make up the majority of the population of our country.

我们国家的人口主要由工人和农民组成。

例2：Now more and more students are making up their lessons on Saturdays and Sundays.

现在越来越多的学生在星期六和星期天补习功课。

例3：The funny story is just made up.

这个有趣的故事是编造的。

例4：It is said that the English paper is quite difficult. A large number of students have to make up an exam.

据说英语考试很难。许多学生不得不补考。

例5：They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.

他们为那个不速之客在沙发开了个铺。

例6：Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence.

勤奋能弥补先天不足/勤能补拙。

6. on average\on an （the）average

on average\on an （the）average 根据平均标准平均起来，一般说来

例1：On average, one worker in this factory gets 700 yuan every month.

平均起来，这个厂的工人每月能拿七百元。

例2：On an （the） average, we received six e-mails every day.

我们平均每天收到六封电子邮件。

7. take in

take in 接纳；接收；吸收；领进；理解

例1：Our Party branch took in two new members on July the first this year.

今年七一我们党支部吸收了两名新党员。

例2：Black clothes take in more sunlight.

黑衣服能吸收较多的阳光。

例3：Please take the lady in.

请把那位女士带进来。

例4：The students find it easy to take in what you teach.

学生们发现你教的东西容易理解。

decide\make up one’s mind决定，下决心

例1：He has decided\ made up his mind that the boy should leave here.

他决定那男孩必须离开这儿。

例2：She decided/made up her mind to go and settle in the countryside.

她决定去乡下定居。

例3：They have a right to decide for themselves.

他们有权为自己作决定。

9. be occupied with （in）…

be occupied with （in）… 忙于（做）……

例如：She’s fully occupied in looking after three small children.

她忙于照看三个小孩。

（三）难点句型

1. I wish I had left there at that time.

那时，要是我留下就好了。

【解析1】I wish （that） + 主语 + 谓语 + … 表示“要是（但愿） ……就好了。”指不可能实现的愿望，wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气

例1：I wish I were a teacher.

但愿我是老师就好了。

例2：I wish we could visit the Great Wall today.

今天我要是能去参观长城就好了。

【解析2】表示与将来或现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从句含有情态动词，从句谓语用情态动词的过去式 + 动词原形

例如：I wish I would go to the moon tomorrow.

明天我要是能登上月球就好了。

2. This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans.

这是因为地球的三分之二是由广阔的海洋构成的。

【解析1】本句中的短语make up 作“组成，构成”解，常可用于被动结构be made up of，意为“由……构成，由……组成”。

例1：Twenty boys and twenty girls made up our class.

我们班由20位男同学和20位女同学组成。

例2：The examination paper is made up of two parts.

该试卷由两部分组成。

【解析2】make up 还可以作“和好，和解，打扮，化妆”解。

例1：They quarrelled but soon made up.

他们吵了架，但很快就言归于好。

例2：She took over 30 minutes to make herself up.

她花了30分钟化妆。

例3：Is she telling the truth, or making it all up?

她说的是真话还是纯属虚构？

【相关链接】

make 构成的其他短语

1）make for向……方向前进，有助于，促进

例如：The audience made for the exits when the alarm sounded.

警铃响的时候，观众朝出口奔去。

2）make …from…用……制成（通常指制造后改变了材料的原来性质和形状）

例如：Butter is made form milk.

奶油是用牛奶制成的。

3）make…of…用……做成（通常指制造的不改变材料）

例如：a chair made of wood

一张木制的椅子

4）make…into…把…..改成，把……做成

例如：Mother made her coat into my skirt.

母亲把她的外套改成裙子给我穿。

5）make …out of 用……做成，把……改制成

例如：The boy made an airplane out of some waste metals.

那个男孩用废金属做了个飞机。

3. …, the captain noticed a sperm whale diving to a depth of nearly 2,250 metres. 这位船长发现一条巨头鲸潜入到将近2250米的深处。

【解析1】本句中的diving 是v-ing形式作宾语补足语，常用于以下这种结构中see, watch, notice, hear, feel, smell, find…+宾语+v-ing。

例如：I saw the train coming into the station.

我看着火车进站。

【解析2】v-ing形式作宾语补足语，也用于set, have get, keep, leave……表示“致使”的动词后面。

例1：The words immediately set us all laughing.

这话即逗得大家都笑了。

例2：He tried to start the engine running.

他设法把发动机开动起来。

例3：His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.

他的话使我摸不清到底是什么意思。

（四）语法精讲

省略句

省去句中一个或一个以上成分的句子叫做省略句。英语中的省略现象多数出现在日常会话中。由于有一定的上下文或语言环境，省略并不会造成理解上的困难。省略与替代现象在高考英语试题中屡屡出现，应引起我们的重视。

1.不定式的省略结构

在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语补足语的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to则可）。常见的可用于类似结构的词有：

1）形容词：afraid, glad, happy, be willing to, be able to 等。

例如：-- Would you go to visit the Great Wall with us?

你和我们一起去参观万里长城好吗？

-- Yes, I’m glad to.

好的，我和你们一起去。

2）动词：like, love, expect, manage, try, hope, pretend, wish, refuse, agree, want, afford, fall, forget, remember, used to, have to等。

例如：-- Did you invite him to dinner yesterday?

你昨天邀请他赴宴了吗？

-- Yes, I tried to, but he refused to come.

我邀请了他，不过他不愿意来。

3）带宾语补足语的动词：tell, ask, order, allow, wish, permit, expect, force, warn, forbid, persuade等。

例如：Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.

除非你们的老师同意，否则不要去碰任何东西。

注意：　如果承前省略的不定式内容是be或作助动词用的have时，to后要保留be或have。

例如：--Are you a college student?

你是大学生吗？

--No, but I want to be.

不是，不过我希望将来我会是。

2.否定句的省略回答

在回答否定祈使句、否定疑问句、否定主句的反意疑问句时，否定回答要用“no+否定短句”；肯定回答要用“yes+肯定短句”，二者不可混用。这种省略回答中的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。例如：

1）否定疑问句

例如：-- Isn’t your uncle an engineer?

难道你叔叔不是一位工程师吗？

-- No, he isn’t.

是的，他不是。

2）否定祈使句

例如：-- Don’t turn on the radio, please.

请不要开收音机。

-- Yes, I will. /No, I won’t.

不，我要开。/好的，我不开。

3）否定主句的反意疑问句

例如：-- You are not a new member, are you?

你不是新会员，是吗？

--No, I’m not. I joined only yesterday.

是的，我不是。我昨天才入会。

3.状语从句的省略

状语从句省略主语时，连词后用现在分词表示动作与所省略的主语有主动关系；连词后用过去分词表示动作与所省略的主语有被动关系。连词后是系表结构时，主语和系动词均可省去。

1）时间状语

例如：Water will boil when heated. （省略了it is）

水加热到一定的程度就会沸腾。

2）让步状语

例如：Though told to stop, he kept on working. （省略了he was）

尽管他被告之停下来，但是他却仍在继续干。

3）条件状语

例1：He often kept silent unless spoken to. （省略了he was）

除非有人找他说话，否则他是不吭声的。

例2：Fill in the blanks with articles if （when/where） necessary. （省略了it is）

在必要的地方填上冠词。

4）比较状语

例1：You came later than required. （省略了you were）

你来得比规定的时间晚了点。

例2：In winter, it’s much colder in Beijing than in Guangzhou. （省略了it is）

冬季，北京的天气比广州要冷得多。

5）方式状语

例如：She hurried away as if angry. （省略了she was）

她急急忙忙的就走了，好象是生气了。

4.虚拟条件句中if的省略

在虚拟条件句中，当从句中的if省略时，从句要用倒装语序。这类倒装句只需将助动词、情态动词或系动词提至主语前即可。常见句式更换如下：

1）与现在事实相反

例如：If I were you （=Were I you）, I would go with him.

我若是你的话，就会和他一起去。

2）与过去事实相反

例如：If I had had time then （=Had I had time then）, I would have gone with you.

假如我当时有时间，我是会和你一起去的。

3）与将来事实相反

例如：If I were to visit /should visit/ visited the Great Wall tomorrow （= Were I to /Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow）, I would take my son with me.

万一我明天有可能去参观长城，我就会带上我的儿子。

注意：　在否定句中not不可提至主语前。例如：

（误）Weren’t I here now, I would be in the bus.

（正）Were I not here now, I would be in the bus.

如果我此时不在此地，那我就已经在公交车上了。

5.比较级的省略

例如：The pianos in the other shop will be ______, but ______.

A. cheaper, not as better B. more cheap, not as better

C. cheaper, not as good D. more cheap, not as good

该题应选C。全句补充完整为：The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper （than those in this shop）, but not as good as those in this shop. A, B,D项均有语法错误，故全排除。

这种含省略结构的比较句型，特别要注意连词后有主语或宾语时，连词要保留，否则不保留。试比较：

He sings as well as, if not better than, his brother.

=He sings as well as his bother, if not better.

他唱歌如果不比他弟弟好，至少也跟他弟弟唱得一样好。

（五）交际用语

表示主观愿望或希望（Expressions for wish or hope）

1. I wish we did/ could …

我要是能... …就好了。

2. I wish I/ we /you /it were…

要是我/你… …

3. （It’s a） pity we…

遗憾我们没… …

4. Sounds like a good idea.

似乎是一个好主意。

5. Beautiful day, isn’t it?

好天气，不是吗？

二、活学活用

请根据所学知识和所给提示补全下面几段对话。

（A）

背景提示：以下是鲍波要求他朋友明天来聚一聚的场景。可碰巧他朋友的爷爷八十岁生日，朋友建议他安排在本周末。鲍波同意了，并说要好好聊一聊。请根据所学内容，补全对话。

W: Hi, Bob. Can you （1） sometime tomorrow evening? Nothing special. It’s just that it’s been such a long time since we’ve had chance to （2） .

M: I’d love to but tomorrow （3） be my grandfather’s birthday. He’s eighty.

W: Is he? That’s a very special occasion. Then how about （4） ?

M: OK. I’m not doing anything Saturday evening. I’ll come and we’ll （5） .

（B）

背景提示：林女士的朋友为她送行。林得先去新疆，17号回来坐飞机去美国。她还说玩得愉快，希望以后继续保持联系。她朋友要她几年后再来看他们。请根据所学内容，补全对话。

M: Miss Lin, are you leaving soon?

W: Yes, I’m going to Xinjiang for （6） first, then I’ll （7） to catch my plane. I （8） the States on the 17th.

M: Then I’ll have to say good-bye now because I’m going home when school ends.

W: I’ve really （9） here. You’re all such good students. Send me a card and let me know where you are and what you’re doing after graduation.

M: Of course. We’ll miss you. Come back and see us （10） .

（C）

背景提示：下面鲍波和蒂姆关于蒂姆打电话约鲍波周末吃饭的情景，而鲍波恰好不能参加。请根据情景，补全对话。

T: Where were you （11） , Bob? I tried to call you.

B: Oh, that’s right, Tim. I went out shopping. I suppose you phoned me in the morning, didn’t you?

T: Yes, it was late morning when I phoned.

B Why did you （12） me?

T: I phoned to ask if you’d like to （13） on Sunday.

B Oh, （14） ! I’d love to have come, but actually, Sunday would have been difficult too, because I went on a river trip practically the whole day. I don’t know whether you know the trip.

T: Oh, yes.

B Well, how did the dinner-party go?

T: Well, we had a wonderful time. I thought you might enjoy it because Tom and his wife were coming. You’ve met them before.

B: Tom, yes I rather like him.

T : And we had a lovely dinner, one of your favorites, green cabbage, soup and fresh salad.

B : Very nice too.

T : And they asked about you.

B : And how are they （15） ?

T : Oh, very well. They were enjoying the party very much.

B : Ah, good.

三、写作快速通关

Can you imagine travelling to work in a one-man submarine? Some scientists believe that some day one-man submarines will be as numerous automobiles as today. A famous French driver says, “One day soon, men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street!” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel, work, and live in the sea.

If human beings want to live in the ocean, many human problems will need to be studied first. Some of these problems, similar to those of living in outer space, are pressure, lack of oxygen and weightlessness. Many questions remain unanswered. For example, can our blood adjust itself to underwater surroundings? What will happen to our muscle if we live in the water very long? Scientists are searching for answers.

Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land. The sea has plenty of space, not only for floating communities and parks, but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel.

Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways. In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea , man may find new sources of joy .

NOTES ：1. submarine n. 潜水艇 2. numerous adj. 许多 3. automobile n. 汽车，自动车 4. similar adj. 相似的 5. lack n. 缺乏 6. adjust v. 调整 7. community n. 团体

2、日积月累

1）高考常用词语

（1） as…as…和… …一样

（2） during one’s lifetime　在某人的一生

（3） …many human problems will need to be studied first. … 首先需要解决人类的问题。

（4） lack of 缺乏… …

（5） adjust oneself to 使某人适应… …

（6） happen to do\sb. 碰巧做\某人发生了… …

（7） search for搜查，寻找

（8） away from离开，远离

（9） benefit n. 利益，好处v.使… …受益

（10） freedom　n.自由

2）写作素材积累

常使用的转折词：

·副词性评述

副词性评述是利用一些起关联作用的副词来提示说话人或作者的语气、意图、态度等，以利于接收者更好地理解对方的信息，这类关联词很多，常见的有naturally, obviously, certainly, surely, really 等。

例如：①The patient was asleep, so naturally I didn’t wake him.

② Obviously you will have to give up your job.

·增补或扩充

指利用关联词增补新信息、新论据以更好地说服读者或听者，这类词有moreover, what is more, further more, besides, in addition, above all, again, further, also, I mean, in particular等。

例如：Mother certainly couldn’t have told you whether Ireland was east or west of England, and I doubt whether any time up to the outbreak of the Great War she could have told you who was Prime Minister. Moreover, she hadn’t the smallest wish to know such things.

3、高考演习

根据提示，写一篇中国的概况，词数：100左右

1.地理位置：亚洲东部，濒临太平洋，邻国有俄罗斯、印度、越南（Vietnam）等国家；

2.面积：960万平方公里；

3.河流：有许多大河流，其中长江、黄河是最重要的河流；长江是第一长河，黄河是第二长河；

4.行政区：有28个省、自治区（autonomous regions），四个直辖市（cities directly under the central government）等；

5.人口：十二亿多；

6.民族（nationality）：有56个民族，其中汉族占94%。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

四、海外风情

（A）　Pentagon Readies Microwave Bomb for Baghdad

The Pentagon has accelerated development of a new generation of advanced precision weaponry that could be ready for use in a high－tech battle for Baghdad, according to US military sources．Weapons ready for battlefield deployment include a microwave bomb that emits powerful pulses of energy to destroy enemy electronics, disable communications and even block vehicle ignitions, without hurting bystanders．Defence researchers have also successfully tested a radical thermobaric warhead－－previously described as a "vacuum bomb"－－to be aimed at suspected chemical and biological stockpiles．The warheads are designed to produce a heat so intense that any contaminants released into the atmosphere are neutralised instantly．Military scientists have long been intrigued by the potential harnessing of microwave technology to paralyse enemy capabilities．The US air force used a related technique to disable Yugoslavian power grids during the Kosovo campaign．The combination of overwhelming firepower and technological expertise helps explain why so many pentagon officials are convinced that the battle for Baghdad will prove a walkover.

（一）美攻伊将使用微波炸弹

美国军方人士说, 五角大楼已经加快研制一种新型尖端精确武器。这种武器可能会在巴格达的高技术战斗中投入使用。已经做好准备将在战场上使用的武器, 包括一种微波炸弹（或称电磁炸弹）。它可以产生强有力的能量脉冲, 从而摧毁敌军的电子设备, 让通信失灵, 甚至使车辆无法打火, 但旁边的人却不会受到伤害。防务研究人员还成功地测试了一种温压弹头（此前称为“真空炸弹”）, 用于对付可疑的化学和生物武器储备。这种弹头能产生强热, 致使释放到大气中的任何污染物都会在顷刻间失效。长期以来, 美军科学家一直在探索利用微波技术瓦解敌军作战能力的可能性。科索沃战争期间, 美国空军曾经利用一种相关技术摧毁了南斯拉夫的供电网络。正是由于势不可挡的火力和专业技术结合在一起, 所以五角大楼才有如此之多的官员深信, 美国将在巴格达之战中轻松取胜。

（B） Kilimanjaro Snow Cap May Melt Soon

The snow cap of Mount Kilimanjaro, famed in literature and beloved by tourists, first formed some 11,000 years ago, but will be gone in two decades, according to researchers who say the ice fields on Africa’s highest mountain shrank by 80 percent in the past century.

Lonnie G. Thompson of Ohio State University said measurements using ice coverings and modern navigation satellites show that the oldest ice layers on the famed mountain were deposited during an extremely wet period starting about 11,700 years ago.

The mountain is enshrined in literature, most notably Ernest Hemingway’s "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and some ancient beliefs in Africa hold the mountain to be a sacred place.

But a temperature rise in recent years is eroding the 150-foot-high blocks of ice that gave Kilimanjaro its distinctive white cap.

"The ice will be gone by about 2020," said Thompson. The diminishing ice already has reduced the amount of water in some Tanzanian rivers and the government fears that when Kilimanjaro is bald of snow the tourists will stop coming.

"Kilimanjaro is the number one foreign currency earner for the government of Tanzania," said Thompson. "It has its own international airport and some 20,000 tourists every year. The question is how many will come if there are no ice fields on the mountain."

Africa was not alone in the global drought. Thompson said other records show that civilizations during this period collapsed in India, the Middle East and South America.

Researchers put markers at the ice field blocks in 1962 and Thompson said measurements using satellites show the summit of the ice has been lowered by about 56 feet in 40 years. The margin of the ice also has retreated more than six feet in the past two years.

"That’s more than two meter’s worth of ice lost from a wall 164 feet （50 meters） high," said Thompson. "That’s an enormous amount of ice."

（二）海明威笔下美景不再 乞力马扎罗的雪即将消失

乞力马扎罗山上的雪形成于大约11000多年前，不论在文坛上，还是在旅游观光业中，它都始终保持着一种独特的魅力。然而，科学家却告诉我们，在过去的一个世纪中，这座非洲最高山峰的“雪帽”已经“缩水”了80%，再过二十年，乞力马扎罗山上的雪景就要消失了。

俄亥俄州立大学的朗尼·汤普逊说，通过冰层取样和现代卫星定位系统的测量，研究人员发现这座名山上最古老的冰层是在约11700年前一段特别潮湿的时期形成的。

在文学史上，大名鼎鼎的海明威曾著有《乞力马扎罗的雪》一书，从而让人们对这片土地心存一份特殊的情结，再加上一些古老的非洲传说，更是令这座山显得神秘而令人向往。

但是近几年来，由于气温的不断上升，乞力马扎罗山顶上厚达150英尺的积雪正在一点一点溶化。

汤普逊预言说：“所有的冰层将在2020年融化掉。”由于积雪大大减少，长久以来依靠这座山积雪溶化供给的坦桑尼亚境内，一些河流的水量已经开始减少。当地政府担心，当“雪帽”被摘掉，当地的旅游业就会遭遇灭顶之灾。

汤普逊还说：“乞力马扎罗的旅游资源是坦桑尼亚政府最主要的外汇来源。当地建有国际机场，每年约有2万游客慕名而至。如今的问题是，如果没有了山顶积雪，恐怕就没人会去了。”

在全世界，并不只有非洲遭受了这样的一种干旱枯竭。汤普逊说统计表明，同期的文明在印度、中东和南美洲地区都出现了衰退现象。

汤普逊说，1962年研究者在冰层上做了标志，现在发现，山顶的积雪厚度在40年中下降了56英尺。仅仅两年时间，冰层的边缘就“缩水”了至少6英尺。

他说：“这绝不是一面50米（164英尺）高的冰墙降低2米那么简单，这个数字意味着大量的冰雪已经消失了。”

五、单元测试

（一）单项填空

1.—Beautiful day, ______?

—Yes, I wish to go out for a walk. ­­­­­­­______ I have so much homework to do.

A. is it; Pity B. isn’t it; Pity

C. Doesn’t it; What a pity D. isn’t it; It’s a pity

A. is B. had been C. has been D. are

A. at one time B. at no time

C. at a time D. all the time

4.—Would you please give us a talk on the life in the ocean?

—________ , but I’m leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.

A. It doesn’t matter. B. Not at all

C. Of course not D. I wish I could

A. on; with B. with; on

C. \; on D. on;\

A. floated B. float C. floating D. to float

A. of; occurred to B. off; occurred to

C. into; occurred to D. down; occurred to

8.I will _____ all the clocks in the office according to the radio.

A. tell B. order C. time D. decide

A. spoken B. spoke to C. to speak D. spoken to

A. took a deep breath B. held their breath

C. lost their breath D. was out of breath

A. appears B. seems C. sounds D. feels

12.______ from the tower, the highest point in our town, my school looks like a garden.

A. Seeing B. To see C. To be seen D. Seen

A. come off B. come up C. raise D. come to

14.—How did the boss pay you?

—As a result, we were paid ______.

A. by hours B. by an hour

C. by hour D. by the hour

A. tried to send B. did try sending

C. did manage to send D. managed sending

（二）完形填空

It is often difficult for a man to be quite sure what tax he ought to pay to the Government because it depends on so many different things: 1 the man is married; how many children he has; whether he 2 any relations; how much he earns; how much interest he 3 ; how much he has spent on his house 4 ; and so on. All this makes it difficult to decide 5 how much the tax is. But a certain artist was always very careful to pay the proper 6 .

One year, after posting his cheque 7 , he began to wonder if he had paid 8 , and after a lot of 9 with a pencil and paper, decided that he had not.

He was just 10 another cheque to send to the tax-collector when the postman dropped a 11 into the box at the front door. Opening it, the artist found inside it a cheque for five pounds from the tax-collector. The official explained that 12 had been paid, and that therefore the 13 was now returned to the taxpayer.

The artist was not only surprised; he was 14 . He worked over his figures once more, but in the end he still believed that he 15 the Government something. He therefore 16 the official and said, “I thank you for your cheque for five pounds, but I think 17 , if you study the figures again, you’ll find that a 18 has been made.”

Several days later he received another cheque from the 19 , but this cheque was for forty-five pounds. The official said that he was sorry about the mistake, and hoped the matter was now 20 .

1. A. if B. when` C. how D. whether

2. A. supports B. has C. helps D. likes

3. A makes B. receives C. shares D. has

4. A. during the year B. in the past C. in the future D. in the coming year

5. A. exactly B. certainly C. roughly D. surely

6. A. number B. cost C. price D. amount

7. A. quite late B. so early C. as usual D. in a hurry

8. A. much B. enough C. well D. little

9. A. thinking B. deeds C. work D. job

10. A. checking B. doing C. posting D. writing

11. A. pound B. letter C. paper D. cheque

12. A. too much B. too little C. far less D. much fewer

13. A. difference B. money C. more D. left

14. A. excited B. worried C. sad D. angry

15. A. paid B. owed C. returned D. lent

16. A. called B. wrote to C. asked D. visited

17. A. therefore B. whether C. however D. that

18. A. mistake B. puzzle C. joke D. worry

19. A. postman B. tax-collector C. mailbox D. government

20. A. seized B. solved C. started D. settled

（三）阅读理解

（A）

The floor of the ocean contain many riches that can be used by man. Oil and chemicals and minerals are already taken from the sea. By using nuclear energy, ocean water can be turned into fresh water by removing the salt. In the near future, it is possible for human beings to produce food from farms under the sea. Food grown in the sea could help meet the needs of the fast-increasing population all over the world, thousands of which go hungry every day. About 10—15% of the world population don’t have enough food. Some scientists believe that someday the sea will be used to make electric power. This would help meet the need for more power for the world’s industries. The decreasing supply of coal, oil and gasoline shows the need to find new kinds of power is urgent.

1. Man has already made use of ______.

A. forms under the sea

B. nuclear energy to turn ocean water fresh

C. salt water resource as fresh water

D. minerals, chemicals and oil taken from the sea

2. From the passage, we can know that ______.

B. there are presently many farms under the sea and producing food

C. the supply of oil, gasoline and coal are increasing very rapidly throughout the world

D. it’s unnecessary for man to make full use of the riches of sea

3. The need to find new kinds of power is urgent. “urgent” means ______.

A. needing fast decision and action

B. not needing fast decision and action

C. fast enough

D. not so important

4. Why is the need to find new kinds of power so urgent? Because _______.

A. the supply of coal, oil and gasoline is getting less while the need for more power for the world’s industries is increasing

B. nuclear energy has not been made full use of to meet the need for more power

C. the world’s population is growing larger every day

（B）

Let us begin by saying what does not cause our dreams. Our dreams do not come form “another world”. They are not messages from some outside source. They are not a look into the future, either.

All our dreams have something to do with our emotions（感情）,fears, longings（憧憬）,wishes, needs and memories. But something on the “outside” may affect what we dream. If a person is hungry, or tired, or cold, his dreams may include a feeling of this kind. If the covers on your body, such as quilt or a blanket, have slipped off your bed, you may dream that you are sleeping or resting on the ice and snow. The material for the dream you will have tonight is likely to come form the experiences you have today.

So the subject of your dream usually comes from something that has effect on you while you are sleeping （feeling of cold, a noise, a discomfort, etc.） and it may also use your past experiences and the wishes and interests you have now. This is why very young children are likely to dream of fairies, older children of school examinations, hungry people of food, homesick soldiers of their families, and prisoners of freedom.

To show you how that is happening while you are asleep and how your wishes or needs can all be joined together in a dream, here is the story of an experiment. A man was asleep and the back of his hand was rubbed with a piece of absorbent cotton（脱脂棉）. He would dream that he was in a hospital and his charming girl friend was visiting him, sitting on the bed and feeling gently his hand!

There are some scientists who have made a special study of why we dream, what we dream and what those dreams mean. Their explanation of dreams, though a bit reasonable, is not accepted by everyone, but it offers an interesting approach to the problem. They believe that dreams are mostly expressions of wishes that did not come true. In other words, a dream is a way of having your wishes carried out.

5. Our dreams __________.

A. are simply messages from another world

B. are a curious（好奇的）look into the future

C. have little connection with our emotions

D. are to some degree caused by some of our feelings

6. If the covers have slipped off your bed, you may dream that __________.

A. something comfortable happens to you

B. you are staying in freezing surroundings

C. some people are making noise

D. you have nothing on at all

7. When the back of a man’s hand was rubbed with a piece of absorbent cotton in the experiment, he would dream that __________.

A. his hand was being stuck by someone

B. his hand was gently touched by his sweetheart

C. his hand was badly hurt by something

D. somebody was wiping sweat off his body

8. When a person feels hungry, he is likely to dream of __________.

A. wonderful fairies B. lovely young girls

C. fine food and drinks D. his family member

（C）

The sea is the biggest unknown part of our world. It covers seventy-one percent of the earth. There is still much to be discovered about this vast blanket of water.

If the waters of the ocean could be moved away, the sea floor with its wide valleys, irregular（无规则的） mountains and rivers in the sea would be an unbelievable sight. Around the edges of the continents the ocean floor is flat and the water does not become much deeper for about thirty miles. Where there are high young mountains along the coast, this flat part may be much less than thirty miles. But where rivers flow into the sea, the flat area may extend（延伸） for hundreds of miles.

The region near the continents, where the water is not so deep, is the place where the ocean’s greatest riches in marine（海生的） life are found. Below these living creatures and plants are the largest known quantities of minerals.

At the end of the flat part, the sea floor suddenly drops down, forming deep hollows which are shaped like bowls. These huge hollows hold most of the world’s water.

Imagine, if you can, a mountain chain stretching（延伸） 40,000 miles around the earth. It is hard to believe that this great underwater chain of mountains encircling（环绕） the earth was discovered only a few years ago.

9. Land areas cover ________ of the earth.

A. seventy-one percent

B. one third

C. thirty-nine percent

D. twenty-nine percent

10. Around the edges of the continents the water is relatively ________.

A. cool B. deep

C. shallow D. dirty

11. The flat area where rivers flow into the sea may be _________ where there are high young mountains.

A. deeper than those

B. larger than that

C. much less than the area

D. higher than the edge of the continents

12. _______ is the good place for living creatures and plants.

A. The deep water area of the sea

B. The edge of the continents

C. The shallow water area not far from the continents

D. The area around the continents

（D）

1970 was World Conservation（生态保护） Year. The United Nations wanted everyone to know the world is in danger. They hoped what governments would act quickly in order to conserve nature. Here is one example of the problem. At one time there were 1,300 different plants, trees and flowers in Holland but now only 866 remain. The others have been destroyed by modern man and his technology. We are changing the earth, the air and water, and everything that grows and lives. We can’t live without these things. If we continue like this, we shall destroy ourselves.

What will happen in the future? Perhaps it is more important to ask “What must we do now?” The people who will be living in the world of tomorrow are the young of today. A lot of them know that conservation is necessary. Many are helping to save our world. They plant trees, build bridges across rivers, and so on. In a small town in the US a large group of girls cleaned the banks of 11 kilometres of their river. Young people may hear about conservation through a record called “No one’s going to change our world.” It was made by the Beaties Richard and other singers. The money from it will help to conserve wild animals.

13. There are less plants, trees and flowers in Holland now because __________.

A. there has been a lot of conservation in Holland

B. Holland does not need so many plants, trees and flowers

C. many plants, trees and flowers have been destroyed

D. some plants, trees and flowers are dangerous

14. “ No one’s going to change our world” was __________.

A. an important book published in 1970

B. an idea that nobody would accept

C. a record calling all people to conserve nature

D. a rule worked out by the United Nations

15. What is the most important thing for us to do to save our world?

A. We should plant more trees and flowers.

B. We should clean the banks of our rivers.

C. We should know what will happen in the future.

D. We should know what we must do and begin to do it now.

16. What’s the main idea of the passage?

A. 1970 was World Conservation Year.

B. The United Nations wanted everyone to know that the world is in danger.

C. Conservation is necessary.

D. It is the young people who are helping to save our world.

（E）

I decided to go to South Carolina to meet my former schoolmates there. “I could go by bus, but is there any other way?” I wondered. Suddenly an idea occurred to me.

On the school’s bulletin board（布告牌）, I put up a notice: “Need a ride to Columbia, South Carolina. Weekend. Will share gas. Call Yu at 3853427.”

Jim called. He was a student of history and was going to South Carolina to meet his girlfriend. We arranged where to meet and when to start. Then I prepared food and drinks enough for two persons.

It was a long way. Jim proved himself to be a good driver by driving his car fast and steady（稳）. The cars in front of us ended up lagging behind us one by one. From time to time I served him with food and drinks, and we enjoyed talking a lot.

Jim showed great interest in Chinese history. “It’s wonderful that you have such a long history.” he said, “Maybe one day I will visit China as a history researcher.” “Good idea! I will be your tour guide.” I encouraged his future plan.

We talked and laughed all the way to the very doorstep of my friend’s flat. “I’ll come to pick you up on Sunday morning at 10.” Saying this, he drove away.

Needless to say, it was a happy reunion for several of our old schoolmates to meet in a foreign country. We had photos taken, and made Jiaozi in a big flat. “For our getting together in the US, cheers!” We proposed（提议）to drink to this happy moment.

In South Carolina there were many Shanxi Chinese students, because South Carolina and Shanxi have a sistership connection, which was set up through the help of the former Chinese ambassador（大使） to the US, who was also from Shanxi. When those I met got to know that I had settled down in Shanxi’s countryside for eight years during the Cultural Revolution（文革）, they all talked to me like fellow villagers.

The good time passed quickly. It wasn’t long before Jim came to pick me up. All of my friends got out to see me off. We shook hands and promised to communicate with each other as often as possible. I waved good-bye to them as the car drove away.

17. From the passage we know that the writer may be a Chinese _____________.

A. tour guide B. traveler

C. student D. ambassador

18. The writer must have __________ the trip.

A. paid nothing at all for

B. suffered a great deal because of

C. spent a dozen of days on

D. paid for half of the gas during

19. The underlined sentence in the fourth paragraph suggests that _________.

A Jim drove at a high speed

B. the road was rather crowded

C. they didn’t start early

D. Jim’s car ran very slowly

20. We can conclude from the passage that __________.

A. Jim and the writer didn’t study at the same school

B. the writer didn’t return to the school in Jim’s car

C. Jim was not easy to get

D. the writer seemed not to be from Shanxi

（四）短文改错

Li Ming, who has been working as postman for 1 ____________________

two years, always wears a suit green uniform. 2 ____________________

He worked with care as well as with effort. He 3 ____________________

serves for the people heart and soul. Every day he 4 ____________________

gets up early to deliver newspapers or magazines. 5 ____________________

He is too careful that he has never been wrong. 6 ____________________

One day he had to send a dead letter and it happened 7 ____________________

to be raining hardly outside. But he set out immediately. 8 ____________________

He had asked nearly everybody in district after 9 ____________________

he tried to hand the letter to the right person. 10 ____________________

本单元重点单词

simply adj. 简单地；（加强语气）的确　 goods n. 商品；货物

majority n. 大多数　 industry n. 工业；产业

throughout prep.遍及；贯穿　 glasshouse n. 温室；暖房

central adj. 中心的；中央的　 voice n. 说话声；嗓音

possibility n. 可能；可能性　 labo（u）r n. 劳动

convenient adj. 便利的；方便的　 videophone n. 可视电话

fax n. 传真　 transport n.& v. 运输

wing n. 翼；翅膀　 skill n. 技能；技巧

store v. 储藏；存储　 text n. 文本；课文

screen n. 幕；荧光屏　 belief n. 信条；信念

vote v. 选举；投票　 possession n. 所有；拥有；财产；所有物

need n. 需要；需求　 satisfy v. 满足；使满意

wealth n. 财产；财富　 fairly adv. 公平地；相当

practical adj. 实际的；实用的　 drier n. 吹风机

meanwhile n. & adv. 同时　 telegraph n. & v. 电报；给……拍电报

socialist adj. 社会主义的　 youth n. 青年；小伙子；青春；青少年暑时期　toy n. 玩具；玩物　 passage n. （文章的）一段

本单元重点短语

talk of 谈到　 out of work 失业

right now =at this moment 就在此时　 persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事　make a decision 作出决定　 in future =for the future 从今以后

in the future 将来 for example =for instance 例如

more and more =increasingly 越来越多（反义词组less and less）

as well as 和……一样好；不但，而且　 work out 算出，解决

and so on =and so forth =and the like 等等　 go off 关闭、断掉；实现、发生；变坏、变差 reduce by 减少了　 in the fields of =in the areas of 在…….领域　play a part in 在……方面起作用　 point out 指出

at present 现在 a waste of money 浪费钱

vote for 投票选……，投票赞成（反义词组vote against）

satisfy one’s needs 满足某人的需要　 take … for example 以……为例

keep fit 保持健康　 be against 反对（反义词组be for）

change …into…=turn …into…把…….变成……

by mail 通过邮寄　 land on 着陆

carry out 执行

一、精彩回放

（一）重点单词

1. convenient

【用法】adj. 方便的，近便的，容易到达的

例1：We must arrange a convenient time and place for the meeting.

我们得安排一个便利的时间和地点开会。

例2：It’s useful to have a convenient supermarket.

近点的超市很方便。

2. majority

【用法】n. 大多数，大半；占大多数

例1： The majority of teachers believe that teaching is challenging.

大多数老师认为教学就是一种挑战。

例2：Those who are for the suggestion are in the majority.

赞成这个建议的占大多数。

【相关链接】

minority 少数

例如：They found themselves in the minority.

他们发现自己占少数。

3. satisfy

【用法一】vt. （使、令）满意；满足，够条件

例1： Nothing satisfies him, and he’s always complaining.

他总是抱怨，没有令他满意的。

例2：She has satisfied the requirement to be a college student.

她已经够进大学的条件了。

【相关链接】

1） satisfaction n. 满足，满意

例如：He had a feeling of satisfaction when the work was finished.

工作完成了，他就有种满足感。

2） satisfactory adj.　令人满意的

例如：The result of these efforts is usually satisfactory.

努力的结果是令人满意的。

3）satisfy the examiners＝pass an exam 考试及格

例如：The exam satisfied the examiners.

考试及格了。

4）satisfy one’s hunger （demands, curiosity, need） 解饿（符合要求，满足好奇心，满足某人的要求）

例如：The meal satisfied my hunger.

这顿饭解了我的饿。

5）be satisfied with 对…感到满意

例如：He was satisfied with the results of the maths exam.

数学考试成绩令他满意。

【用法一】 v. （情态动词）必要

例如：You needn’t stick to your own opinion.

你没必要坚持自己的观点了。

【用法二】 v. 需要

例如：The garden doesn’t need to be watered/ watering.

花园不需要浇水了。

【用法三】n. 必要

例如：There is no need for you to start yet.

你没有必要开始了。

5. possession

【用法】n. [u.]持有，具有，拥有（不可数名词）；财产，所有物

例1： The possession of a passport is essential for foreign travel.

持有护照是到国外旅游必备的。

例2： He came here without friends or possessions and made his fortune.

他来这里时两手空空，无依无靠，后来却发了财。

【相关链接】

1）in possession of 占有，控制（某物）

例如：He was caught in possession of stolen goods.（窝藏）

他因窝藏赃物而被逮住了。

2）take possession of 成为（某物的）所有者,占有（某物）

例如：Father took possession of a supermarket nearby.

父亲在附近拥有一家超市。

3）possession / possessions

例1：On her father’s death, she came into possession of a vast fortune.

父亲去世后，她就继承了一大笔财产。

例2：He lost all his possessions in the fire.

他所有的财物被大火吞噬了。

6. rather

【用法】adv. 相当

例如：This is rather an interesting book. （=This is a rather interesting book.）

这是一本相当有趣的书。

【相关链接】rather在修饰形容词或副词时，语气上比fairly重，多与表贬义的词连用；rather可修饰比较级，及too结构等。fairly 修饰形容词或副词，一般与表褒义的词连用；fairly 不能修饰比较级，也不能与too连用。

例如：You did fairly well in your exam, but he did rather badly.

你的考试成绩非常优秀，可他却很差劲。

（二）重要词组

1. （be） out of work

（be） out of work 失业，下岗，（机器等）有毛病 （强调状态，和形容词jobless同义）

例1：He has been out of work for three months.

他已经三个月没事做了。

例2：Oh, this air conditioner is out of work again.

哦，空调又坏了。

【相关链接】

1）out of control失控

例如：The machine was out of control last night.

昨晚机器失控了。

2）out of one’s reach够不着

例如：The medicine should be put out of children’s reach.

药应该放在孩子够不着的地方。

3）out of order有毛病

例如：My computer was out of order.

我的电脑当时坏了。

4）out of date过时

例如：This style of dress is out of date.

这种款式的服装过时了。

5）out of danger脱险

例如：Sharon was not yet out of danger.

桑兰尚未脱离危险。

6）out of sight看不见

例如：The plane took off and was soon out of sight in the sky.

飞机起飞后，很快便在空中消失了。

7）out of question毫无疑问

例如：It is out of question to get another new one.

再弄个新的，没问题。

8）out of the question不可能

例如：Completing the task in such a short time is out of the question.

在如此短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。

9）out of breath上气不接下气

例如：After a long running, I was almost out of breath.

一段长跑后，我几乎是上气不接下气了。

10）out of use 没有用

例如：That old watch was out of use.

那块旧手表已没用了。

2. make an effort （to do sth. ）

make an effort （to do sth. ） 努力（做某事）

例如：We must make an effort to finish the task in time.

我们必须努力按时完成任务。

【相关链接】

1）do/try one’s best to do sth.

例如：We should do/try our best to study harder.

我们要竭尽全力更加努力学习。

2）do everything/what/all that one can to do sth.

例1：Mary did everything she could to help her brother with his English.

玛丽尽力帮她弟弟学英语。

例2：I will do what I can to arrive on time.

我会尽力按时赶到的。

例3：Lincoln’s mother did all that she could to send him to school.

林肯的母亲尽最大努力送他上学。

talk of谈及

例如：They talked of the film The Wasted Time.

以前，他们谈到过电影《蹉跎岁月》。

【相关链接】

1）talk about谈到“细节”

例如：They are talking about the film The Wasted Time.

他们正在谈论电影《蹉跎岁月》。

2）talk on 表示兼有“议论”

例如：They are talking on the film The Wasted Time.

他们在评论电影《蹉跎岁月》。

3）跟of和about连用的动词常有hear; know; tell; learn; talk; speak; think等，与on连用的动词常有talk; write; lecture; speak; comment等。

例1：know about

例如：I don’t know about that matter.

我不知道那件事。

例2：learn of

例如：I learned of his departure only yesterday.

昨天我才听说他走了。

例3：comment on

例如：I won’t comment on what people say.

我不想对别人说的评头论足。

4. throughout \ all over \ all through

throughout \ all over \ all through贯穿，遍及

例如：He worked throughout \ all through the night and the next day.

他工作一通晚直到第二天。

【相关链接】

1）all over

例如：The disease spread throughout \ all over the country.

疾病传遍了全国。

2）all through

例如：Just before he was killed, he sent a message to his comrades all over\ throughout the country.

他在就义前夕向全国的同志传发了他的讲义。

5. reduce by \ reduce to

reduce by \ reduce to by表示减少的“数额”， to表示减少到的“总量”。

例1： The prices of all the books are reduced by 20 percent.

所有书的价格降了20%。

例2：The company has reduced their costs to 70 percent.

公司将他们的费用降到70%。

【相关链接】

1）increase by 增加了

例如：Industrial production as a whole increased by 20 per cent.

总的来说，工业产值增加了20%。

2）increase to 增加到

例如：The water in the river rose to 20 metres yesterday.

昨天，河水涨到了20米。

6. in future

in future 将来

in future 常指全部的将来，即从现在开始。

例如：He said he would help me in future\for the future.

他说以后会帮我的。

【相关链接】

1）for the future “为将来”之意，而in future没有此意

例如：Have you prepared for the future?

你准备好了吗？

2）in the future 常指将来的某一时间，并非全部的将来

例如：Who can tell what will happen in the future?

谁知道将来会发生什么？

7. for example

for example 例如

前后常用逗号分开，常用来举例说明，并不用来列举一连串的事物

例如：A lot of people, for example , Zhang Hong like music.

许多人喜欢音乐，譬如，张红。

【相关链接】

such as前常用逗号，其后不加逗号，常用来列举多个事物。

例如：He likes to study some subjects, such as physics, chemistry and English.

他喜欢的科目，如：物理，化学和英语。

（三）难点句型

1. It is possible\likely\probable to rain tomorrow.

明天会下雨。

【解析1】possible, likely, probable都有“可能”的意思，但用法不同。possible可用于It is possible （for sb. ）to do sth. 或 It is possible that …句型中，但当其作表语时，通常不用人作主语。

例1：It’s possible for me to go home at four.

四点钟，我会回家。

例2：It is possible that the meeting will go on until late.

会议可能会持续到很晚。

【解析2】likely既可用人也可用物作主语，还可用于It is likely that …句型，但不能说It is likely for sb. to do sth。

例1：It’s likely to be warm tomorrow.

明天可能变暖和。

例2：It is likely that he will fail in the exam.

他很有可能考试不及格。

例3：She is likely to stay here for a few days.

她会在这里多住几天。

【解析3】probable 在作表语时，不用人或不定式作主语，只用于It is probable that …句型。

例如：It is probable that he forgot all about it.

他可能全忘了。

2. Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built?

你认为我们的经理准备建一座新工厂吗？

【解析1】句中have a new factory built 是have +名词 +done 结构。意为“让（使得）某人完成某事。”

例如：I am going to have this article printed out.

我打算把这文章打印出来。

【解析2】get +名词＋done与have +名词+done 结构基本没有什么不同，只是前者多用于口语，不强调经过一定的努力促使宾语的状态。

例如：Take your shoes to the shop and get/ have them mended.

把你的鞋拿到店里修修。

3. People have been talking of it a lot recently.

最近，人们一直在谈论这件事。

【解析1】句中的have been talking of it 是现在完成进行时，其形式为：have /has been +v-ing，主要表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作，这动作可能仍然在进行，也可能停止了一会儿。

例1：What book have you been reading recently?

最近你看什么书？

例2：I’ve written an article.

我已经写了一篇文章。（已写完）

【解析2】这个时态间或也可以用来表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。

例如：I’ve been working on the night shift for several weeks.

几星期以来，我一直值夜班。

4. The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.

计算机可以识别人的声音，这种想法使许多人感到惊奇。

【解析1】that computers……voices为同位语从句，idea为同位语从句的标志词，常见的标志词有idea, belief, doubt, fact, hope, news, possibility, thought, promise 等。

例如：We must remember the fact that goats usually live in mountainous country.

我们得记住山羊总是生活在山区这一事实。

【解析2】同位语从句用来说明前面标志词的内容，that在同位语从句中不作任何成份，但不可省略；而定语从句用来限制或修饰前面的先行词，that在定语从句中作宾语时，在非正式文体和口语中可省略。

例1：We have heard the news that our basketball team won the match. （同位语从句，that 不作句子成份，不可省略）

我们已经听到消息，我们的蓝球队已获胜。

例2：This is the news （that） they told us. （定语从句，that作told的宾语，可省略）

【解析3】how, when, where, why等连接副词也可引导同位语从句，在从句中可作成份，但引导的句子不修饰前面的标志词，只说明内容。

例如：I have no idea when he will be back.

我不知道他什么时候会回来。（同位语从句）

（四）语法精讲

名词性从句作同位语

1.用作同位语的句子，叫同位语从句，它一般跟在某些抽象名词之后。同位语从句用于对名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词常见的有：belief（相信），hope（希望），idea（想法），doubt（怀疑），news（消息），conclusion（结论），problem（问题），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（观点），possibility（可能），principle（原则），truth（真理），promise（许诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），answer（回答），decision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释）等。suggestion（建议），order（命令），demand（命令），wish（希望）等后也可接同位语从句，从句中时态用动词原形（虚拟语气）。

1）同位语从句一般用连词that引导，或用连接副词when，where，和how等引导。

例1：I have no idea when she will be back.

我不知道她何时会回来。

例2：The suggestion that the new rule （should） be adopted came from the chairman.

采纳新规则的建议是由主席提出的。（虚拟语气should be adopted）

例3：There is the problem where we can get the machines needed. 有个问题：我们哪儿能得到需要的机器。

例4：It’s the question how he did it.

问题是他如何干了此事的。

例5：The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

那笔钱不见了，并不意味着被偷了。

2）有时同位语从句并不紧跟在它说明的名词之后，而是被其它词隔开了。

例1：Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.

消息传来说，拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。（由于同位语从句太长，这避免句子头重脚轻把谓语提前。）

例2：He got a message from Mr. Smith that the manager couldn’t come that afternoon.

他从史密斯先生那儿获知，经理那天下午无法前来了。（from…介词短语修饰got，故放同位语从句前。from Mr. Smith也可放句首。）

2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

1）定语从句中关系代词that在从句中充当主语或宾语，同位语从句中that是连词，不充当句子成分。

2）定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征。同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明。

例1：The news （that） he told me is true.（定语从句）

他告诉我的那个消息是真实的。

例2：The news that our team beat theirs is true.（同位语从句）

我们对比赢了他们对这一消息是可靠的。

（五）交际用语

表示可能或预测（Possibility or predict）

1. He may （not） …

他会/可能不… …

2. Do you think it’s possible that …?

你认为… …可能吗？

3. It’s quite likely that…

很可能会… …

4. It is （not） likely to …

可能会/不会… …

5. I don’t think so.

我不这么认为。

6. They will （not） …

他们会/不会… …

7. What do you think is likely to happen?

你认为会发生什么？

8. It’s not likely that…

可能不会… …

9. I think…

我想… …

二、活学活用

根据所学知识和所给提示补全下面各段对话。

（A）

背景提示：作者想电话采访Dr Bean ，调查关于the National Research Company 的情况，包括健康，内服药、体育锻炼，以及健康食物等。请根据情景，补全对话。

M: Hello?

W: Hello. Is this Dr Bean?

M: Yes, it is.

W: Dr Bean, I’m （1） for the National Research Company. I’d like to ask you a few questions about your （2） .

M: OK.

W: First question. How often do you （3） ?

M: I sometimes take aspirin, but that’s all.

W: Do you take vitamins?

M: No, I never do.

W: How about exercise?

M: Well, I often play tennis or handball.

W: Do you eat any （4） ?

M: No, I just try to eat good food.

W: Well, I’m finished. Thank you for your help.

（B）

背景提示：下面是两个朋友在相互谈论自己度周末的情况。其中一个和露茜去爬山，说山的景色很美。另一位则说去了自己的工厂，工厂的产品销路好，经理承诺给每一位职工加工资。请根据所学内容，补全对话。

W: I had a wonderful time over the weekend.

M: What did you do?

W: Lucy and I （5） . （6） was excellent.

M: I had a good time, too. I went to our factory .

W: Why?

M: During the break we got the word that the goods of our factory sold well in Hangzhou last week. Our manager promised to （7） .

（C）

背景提示：以下是Joan 和她的朋友关于昨晚约会的一段对话，她的朋友由于在办公室工作忘了此事，并保证以后不会再发生类似的事情了。请根据所提供的情景，补全对话。

W: Where were you （8） ? I （9） you for almost an hour.

M: Oh! I’m sorry. I…I completely forgot.

W: You （10） ! What did you do last night?

M: I stayed （11） in the factory. We’re got piles of goods to load last night.

W: No, you weren’t. I saw you at a quarter past seven and you were with another girl.

M: I’m sorry, Joan. I’ll explain everything. It…It won’t （11） .

W: It certainly won’t. I’m going to see you again.

三、写作快速通关

Whenever I look at the moon, I wish I could go there. Do you ever wish that you could take a trip to the moon?

For hundreds of years, men have wanted to travel to the moon. Whenever they looked at the moon, they asked questions. Is the moon hot or cold? Do people live there? Are there any plants or living things there? There were many arguments. Some people said that there were living plants on the moon. Others said nothing could live there because there is no water on the moon. These people could not agree.

When we look at the moon through telescopes, we can see lines and circles. People used to say that this was the moon’s face and that there was a man in the moon! You may have seen drawings like this in story books for young children. This is nonsense, of course. There is no man in the moon. The lines and circles are mountains, valleys, and deep holes. There are also plains where the ground is quite flat.

We know a great many facts about the moon now. Scientists have studied the moon through telescopes for many years and have discovered many facts. Recently rockets with men inside them have reached the moon.

What do we know about the moon? First of all, if we compare the moon with the earth, we find that the moon is much smaller. It is about one-quarter the size of the earth. It is travelling around the earth.

Days and nights on the moon are very long. One day on the moon is as long as two weeks on the earth. One night is also as long as two weeks on the earth. In the day time the moon is very hot :120℃ . The nights are very cold : —156℃ . This is very cold indeed. A man on the moon would quickly freeze to death in the night-time. It would be too hot to live without special clothes. The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth.

There is another surprising thing. On the moon things are not as heavy as they are on the earth. Something that weights one kilogram on the earth would weigh only 166 grams on the moon. Did you know that?

Perhaps one day in the future anyone will be able to take a trip to the moon just like going on a train or bus journey. What an adventure that would be !

Notes: nonsense n. 无稽之谈

2、日积月累

1）高考常用词语

（1）take a trip to去… …旅行

（2）argument争论，争吵

（3）living plants有生植物

（4）telescope望远镜

（5）of course当然，行了

（6）know… about了解，知道

（7）a great many许多，大量

（8）… if we compare the moon with the earth, we find that the moon in much smaller.

…, 如果将月球和地球作比较，我们会发现月球小得多。

（9）as long as长达

（10）in the daytime白昼

（11）just like going on a train or bus journey正像坐火车或汽车旅行

（12）adventure n.\v.冒险

2）写作素材积累

常使用的转折词：

·比较

这类词有also, as, in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same way, alike, like, as if等。

例1：This is a first-class aircraft, and it is no doubt worth the money. In the same way it is difficult to persuade bankers to put up the money, ￡5 million, to buy it.

例2：Mr. Keneally may have written good “faction” and Mr. Capote, and Norman Mailer too, for that matter, may have written bad “faction”, but this does not alter the fact that it is not fiction.

·对比

表示对比的转折词语主要有in the meantime, oppositely, on the one/ other hand, or rather, yet, but, instead, and yet, however, even so, still, nevertheless, on the contrary, at the same time, by contrast, even though, in spite of.

1） I often want things I can’t get, yet I don’t go out and just take them.

2） Any normal person is depressed when given proper cause for depression. Oppositely, normal people become very excited when, for example, they have won a big prize.

3、高考演习

假如你是一所对外开放医院的计算机专家，请你为来访外宾写一篇题为《未来的医院》的文章，简要谈谈计算机在医学上的应用情况。其要点如下：

1） 在未来的医院里将越来越多地使用计算机。医生可以与计算机对话，解释病人的症状。接着计算机就会告诉怎么治，并且说出理由。

2） 计算机不仅能检查一个人的病历（health record），而且能够保存病情相同的许多病人的信息档案。

3） 所有的信息档案都将会在任何需要时由计算机随时打印出。

4） 目前已经研制出储存整个档案的计算机程序。

要求：1、短文必须包括所给要点；2、不要逐字翻译；3、词数：100左右。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

四、海外风情

Two hundred years before Christ, a man named Antipater（安特彼德） wrote a travel guide. He wanted to make sure travelers didn't miss some great attractions. He listed seven manmade "wonders" he felt were well worth seeing. Since he lived near Greece（希腊）, his wonders were mostly in that region.

The first was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon（巴比伦）. Here, King Nebuchadnezzar Ⅱ（尼布甲尼撒） had built huge terrace gardens of rare （珍奇）trees and flowers to please one of his wives. The next was a 100-foot-high bronze statue of the god Apollo（阿波罗）.It was called the Colossus of Rhodes（罗德斯巨人）. The third wonder of the world was the huge tomb of Mausolus（莫索里斯）. It was topped by a life-size stone chariot（战车）and horses. Next was a gigantic marble statue of Zeus（宙斯）, covered with ivory and gold. The temple to the goddess Diana（狄安娜） was the fifth wonder. The pyramids （金字塔）of Egypt, and the lighthouse at Alexandria （亚历山大港）were the last two. 　Today, of these seven wonderous achievements, only the pyramids are left. War, earthquakes and vandalism（人为破坏） have destroyed the rest.

（一）古代世界的七大奇迹

公元前200年，有一位名叫安特彼德的希腊人写了一本旅游指南，以使旅游者们不要错过一些有价值的旅游胜地。文中列出了他自认为值得一看的七大人造奇迹。由于他住在希腊附近，所以他所列的七大奇迹大部分分布在那一地区。

第一个奇迹理所当然是巴比伦的空中花园。在那儿，尼布甲尼撒二世修建了巨大的梯田式花园，花园里种满了奇花异草，以取悦他的一位妃子。第二个奇迹是一尊100英尺高的太阳神阿波罗的铜像，被称为罗德斯巨人。第三个奇迹是莫索里斯巨大的坟墓，坟墓的顶端有一个与实物一样大小的石刻马拉战车。第四个奇迹是巨大的宙斯大理石雕像，镶有象牙和黄金。第五个奇迹是女神狄安娜的神殿。最后两大奇迹分别是埃及的金字塔和在亚历山大港的灯塔。 现在，这七大奇迹中唯有埃及的金字塔幸存下来了。其他的六个奇迹都被战争、地震和人为的破坏给毁灭了。

（B） America: A Nation of Immigrants

A look at the history of the United States indicates that this country has often been called “a melting pot”, where various immigrant and ethnic groups have learned to work together to build a unique nation. Even those “original” Americans, the Indians, probably walked a land bridge from Asia to North America some thousands of years ago. So, who are the real Americans? The answer is that any and all of them are! And you, no matter where you come from, could also become an American should you want to. Then you would become another addition to America’s wonderfully rich “nation of immigrants”. 　The United States is currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants of mainly European descent to one of immigrants from other parts of the world, such as Asia and Latin America. The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed. They desire to escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America, “the land of opportunity”. Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the “old country” and those found in America, most immigrants learn to adjust to and love their adopted land. 　Americans have also learned much from the customs and ideas of the immigrants and are often influenced by them in subtle and interesting ways. Immigrants bring their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods. They have greatly enriched American life.　For immigrants from all parts of the would, the United States has been “a melting pot” in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values. The melting pot does not melt away all recollections of another way of life in another place----nor should it. On the contrary, immigrants should maintain the languages, skills, religions, customs and arts of their own heritage, even while they are working towards entering the mainstream of American culture.

（二）美国：移民之国

纵观美国历史，就可见这个国家经常被称为 “一个熔炉”，在此，各种移民和种族团体学会了共同建设一个独特的民族。甚至那些 “本土的”美国人--印第安人，也可能是几千年以前，从亚洲走过大陆桥来到北美洲的。所以，谁是真正的美国人？答案是他们中的任何一个人都是！无论你来自何处，如果你想成为美国人，就会成为美国人；你就会变成这个极其富有的 “移民之国”的一个新份子。 美国现在正由主要是欧洲血统移民的国家变为世界上其他各洲，如亚洲、拉丁美洲移民的国家。最近移民的数字急剧增长。 他们希望摆脱在本国的经济困难、政治压迫，并在美国这片 “充满机遇的土地上”寻找更好的教育和更富裕的生活。尽管他们从 “故国”带来的文化与美国文化之间往往会产生冲突,但是多数移民还是学会了适应并热爱他们所归化的土地。

美国人从移民的风俗和观念中也学到了很多东西，并且在极其细微和有趣的方面受到了它们的影响。移民们带来了他们本族的文化、政治以及社会模式和态度，不同的学术和宗教背景，以及他们种族的艺术、体育、节日和饮食。这些极大地丰富了美国人的生活。对于世界各地的移民而言，美国已经是一个 “熔炉”，在这个熔炉中，甚至当外国人快要成为美国（一个其人民有着共同的一套文化观和价值观的国家）公民时，他们从文化和语言上仍然是在他们本国的样子。这个熔炉没有、也不应该熔掉对另一个地方的另一种生活方式的记忆。相反，即使移民们努力地要进人美国文化主流之中，他们也应保存自己遗产中的语言、技能、宗教和艺术。

五、单元测试

（一）单项填空

1. Generally speaking, the majority of his books ______ by some kind-hearted people.

A. are offered B. is offered

C. are got D. was offered

2. Mr Smith said he was healthy and he didn’t want himself ______ .

A. examining B. to exam

C. to be examined D. be examined

3. This morning Alice ______ out ______ the door opened and in came some strangers.

A. was just about going; while

B. went; when C. was going; then

D. was just about to go; when

4. The police are considering the ______ that the fire was started accidentally at night.

A. result B. step C. reason D. possibility

5. He came here without friends or _____ and made his fortune.

A. possessions B. possession

C. wealths D. good

6. Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ______ his boss.

A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports

7.——When could you have a meal with me?

——I’d like to go whenever it is ______ to you.

A. fit B. nice C. convenient D. suit

8. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear _____ he would die of the disease.

A. that B. which C. of which D. of that

9. I sent Mary the drawing _____ E-mail and she was _____ with my work.

A. by; satisfying B. with; satisfying

C. by; satisfied D. with; satisfied

10. English is ______ interesting language to learn.

A. a fairly ` B. fairly an

C. the fairly D. fairly the

11. He gained his _____ by the _____ of coal and other goods.

A. wealth; transport B. wealths; transport

C. wealth; transports D. wealths; transports

12. E-mail, as well as telephones, _____ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have playing

C. are playing D. play

13. The number of the employers has grown from 1,000 to 1,200. This means it has risen _______ 20 percent.

A. by B. at C. to D. with

14. The WTO cannot live up to its name ______ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.

A. as long as B. while

C. if D. even though

15. John plays football _____ , if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as

C. so well D. so well as

（二）完形填空

I got lots of interesting experiences in a free school. At first I couldn’t believe it. There were no 1 in rows or loud-sounding bells, nor did anyone has to go to 2 . Although we lived “in” , 3 made us go to bed at a certain time; there was no “ lights out” .

The 4 thing was that practically all the students went to class, and very few people stayed up late at night. Only the new people stayed up or 5 class. The new ones always went wild 6 , but this never lasted long. The freedom took some getting used to. Our teachers treated us like 7 ; never did we have to 8 “stand up” , “sit down” , “speak out” . I don’t 9 one student who didn’t try his best.

The subjects were the same as those in the 10 school, but what a difference in the approach（方法）! For example, in botany（植物学） we had 11 classes in the spring or fall, but instead we planted two gardens, a vegetable garden and a flower garden. Then in winter we each studied a few 12 things about what we had grown. In maths the students built three different kinds of storeroom-small ones 13 , but usable. They did this instead of having lessons in the classroom. They really has a 14 time, too, designing everything , drawing the blueprints, figuring out the angles（角度） and so on. I didn’t take 15 . But I could do the basic things with numbers. That’s 16 .

17 I think I am a 18 person for having gone to the school. I can read and write as well as anyone else of my age, and I think better. That’s probably a real big 19 between the free school and regular school——the amount of 20 .

1. A. desks B. lights C. books D. windows

2. A. home B. bed C. class D. work

3. A. teachers B. parents C. nobody D. somebody

4. A. sad B. last C. good D. strange

5. A. attended B. took C. missed D. studied

6. A. from then on B. at first C. once more D. just then

7. A. workers B. pupils C. gardeners D. grown-ups

8. A. play B. say C. study D. understand

9. A. hear from B. feel like C. think about D. know of

10. A. night B. regular C. small D. real

11. A. all B. short C. no D. indoor

12. A. wild B. successful C. usual D. particular

13. A. as well B. after a while C. of course D. as a result

14. A. funny B. great C. convenient D. thoughtful

15. A. maths B. care C. botany D. notice

16. A. uninteresting B. interesting C. enough D. dangerous

17. A. On the whole B. Once again C. Sooner or later D. After a while

18. A. careful B. better C. busier D. lovely

19. A. problem B. chance C. difference D. change

20. A. reading B. gardening C. teaching D. thinking

（三）阅读理解

（A）

A university is an institution of high education. It generally offers studies leading to a bachelor’s, master’s or doctor’s degree. Students studying for a bachelor’s degree are called undergraduates. When they complete their courses and get their B.A.（or B.S.） degree, thy are called graduates. If they then enroll for further study at a university, they are called graduate students in the U.S. and postgraduates in Great Britain.

But not all secondary school graduates can go on to the university. They will have to pass entrance examinations and only those with the highest marks can gain admission.

University education is expensive. Students sometimes receive scholarships or loans（贷款）from the government, university, or other institution to help them to complete their studies. In some countries, students work while they study to help pay their expenses.

University education encourages students to work and study for the benefit of society. They listen to lectures, form discussion groups, carry out research, write papers and take oral and written examinations.

University life is interesting. Students not only study many different subjects but also take part in social activities. Academic societies and sport clubs give students opportunities to develop their special interests.

1. Postgraduates study for a __________.

A. bachelor’s degree B. doctor’s degree

C. master’s degree D. all of the above

2. Secondary students can go on to the university after they __________.

A. get loans from government

B. pass college entrance examinations

C. take part in social activities

D. do part-time work

3. Which of the following statements is not included in paragraph 5 of the story?

A. Students can do business in the university.

B. Students can be admitted to academic societies.

C. Students can be members of sport clubs.

D. Students can take part in social activities.

4. The word “opportunities” in the last paragraph probably means __________.

A. society B. degree C. admission D. chance

（B）

Scientists used to explore on the surface of the Ocean. Now they are exploring below the surface, too. They want to know about the ocean water and plant and animal life deep in the ocean. In 1943 William Beebe dived 3,000 feet below the surface in a hollow steel ball. In 1945 August Piocard dived 10,330 feet. In 1960 his son Jean dived to a depth of 35,8000 feet.

All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long. They had to come back up to the surface after a few seconds. Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below the surface. Gradually, they succeeded in doing so. Cousteau, a Frenchman, was able to keep men down to a depth of 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 90 feet for a week.

With new equipment, now men can stay below the surface for days or even weeks. In 1962 Cousteau set up a research station 35 feet below the surface. Then in 1964 he set up another station on the ocean floor of the Red Sea. This was the first undersea station to operate without help from the surface.

Many countries are now studying undersea life. The United States has a laboratory 50 feet down on the ocean floor. In 1970 five men lived there for two weeks. Then a team of five women scientists stayed in the laboratory. Next came other teams of men. All were there to explore the ocean depth and to make plans for the use of its resources.

5. Scientists ____________ to learn about the ocean water and the plant and animal life deep in the ocean.

A. are exploring on the surface of the ocean

B. are studying the dives made by the early explorers

C. are studying the ocean floor

D. are exploring below the surface of the ocean

6. August Piocard and Jean who made early dives are____________.

A. father and son B. son and father C. brothers D. cousins

7. Though the early dives made by William Beebe and other explorers were deep, yet the divers could only stay down for ____________.

A. a few days B. a few hours C. a few weeks D. a few seconds

8. What did the scientists do in the laboratories down on the ocean floor?

A. They tried to find ways to set up undersea research laboratories.

B. They explored the ocean depth and made plans for the use of its resources.

C. They learned how to keep men down in the stations below the surface of the water.

D. They learned how to make use of the new equipment in the undersea laboratories.

（C）

Beijing—Beijing is to spend up to US $ 20 billion to change the Chinese capital into a 21st century one for the 2008 Olympics.

The government will host the 2008 games. The general aim is for Beijing to have the same environmental standard as Pairs, London or Washington by 2008.

Hundreds of millions of dollars will be spent to pipe natural gas to the city’s homes, taking away dirty coal burning gradually while 60,000 buses will be changed to liquefied（液化） gas.

The money will also be used for relocating the polluting factories and building green belts. By 2008 around 90 percent of Beijing’s waste will be treated, compared to only 40 percent at present.

Olympic officials realize the city has a long way to go to match the environmental standards of such cities as Pairs, Toronto, Istanbul and Osaka.

City officials have already announced that around 50 large projects are being dealt with to improve traffic congestion（拥挤） and cut down pollution. They include the construction of Beijing’s first light railway, a 40.5-kilometer line which is expected to be completed in 2005.

Beijing, besides, plans to build an 82.25-kilometer-long subway to add to existing 53 kilometers. Nine major roads will be rebuilt or widened.

Beijing also plans to build a 70-meter-wide green belt along the waterways to protect the water quality as well as increase the green area.

9. The government will pipe natural gas to the city’s houses in order to _________.

A. settle the problem of being short of fuel

B. bring down the cost of daily life

C. reduce the pollution of our capital

D. keep up with the development of modern society

10. The underlined word “relocating” in this report means _______.

A. removing B. pulling down

C. rebuilding D. dealing with

11. From the last three paragraphs we know the fact that __________.

A. lengthening the existing 53-kilometer subway is among the 50 large projects

B. a 40.5-kilometer line will be added to Beijing’s first light railway

C. the length of the subway will be up to 135.25 kilometer in 2005

D. a 70-meter wide green belt will supply us with enough water

12. Which of the followings TRUE according to the passage?

A. The environment of London is better than Toronto.

B. In the first paragraph “a 21st century one” refers to a modern and advanced capital.

C. Beijing is badly polluted mainly by coal burning.

D. Liquefied gas is more expensive than petrol.

（D）

We have all experience days when everything goes wrong. A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. It seems as if a single unimportant event may cause a number of things to happen. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this means your troubles are beginning. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the table cloth off the table, destroying your half prepared meal. You hang up hurriedly and attend to your baby. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to bring you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.

Things can go wrong on a number of people on the road. During the rush hour one evening two cars hit each other and both drivers began to argue. The woman driver behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly went into a panic（恐慌） and stopped her car. This made the driver following her stop suddenly. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the window and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a truck driver had to stop his truck all of a sudden. The truck was carrying empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the truck onto the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meanwhile, the truck driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. Only two dogs were enjoying themselves from the accident, for they were happily having what was left of the cake. It was just one of those day.

13. According to the author’s opinion, ______________.

A. a small matter may cause great trouble

B. accidents may happen any time

C. troubles always come in groups

D. anyone may have trouble any day

14. When the telephone rings, _________________.

A. you’d better have your baby a little distant from your table before going to answer the phone

B. your trouble is sure to come

C. you’d better just let it ring all the way

D. you should never go to answer it in a hurry

15. What did the police do after the accident?

A. They managed to make the traffic return to normal.

B. They helped the driver to go on with their journey.

C. They tried to stop the people from arguing.

D. They would find out who should be responsible（负责任的）.

16. From the story we can see ____________.

A. such accidents are rather common

B. such accidents are rather strange

C. no one can explain why such accidents happen

D. some drivers are too careless

（E）

In the 19th century Americans from the eastern states moved west to settle in the rich new lands along the Pacific Coast. The most difficult part of their trip was crossing the “Great American Desert” in the western part of the United States by horse and wagon（马车）.

The western desert can be very dangerous. There is little water and there are few trees. Nevertheless, the desert also has scenery of great beauty. Tall towers of red and yellow stones rise sharply from the flat sandy valley floor. The scene has been photographed many times and appears in movies and on TV.

In Arizona, man-made dams（水坝） across the Colorado River have made two large lakes in the middle of the dry desert country. At Lake Powell, the red stone arch（拱门） of rainbow bridge rises high above the blue lake.

There were few roads. Many areas of Lake Powell’s shore can only be reached by boat or on foot. However, hikers（徒步旅行者） in this empty desert land sometimes find very old native American pictures painted on the rocks.

In Death Valley, California, the summer temperature rises to 130-165 degrees Fahrenheit（华氏温标）. There is less than two inches of rain each year. Death Valley is the lowest place in America –925 meters below sea level. In the 1800s, many travelers died when they tried to cross this waterless valley in the terrible heat.

Although the desert is dry and seems empty, there is plenty of life if you look closely. Small insects, snakes, and rats have learned how to live in the desert heat. They live underground and come out at night, when it is cool. Plants such as cacti（仙人掌） need very little water. When it does rain in the desert, plants grow quickly and flowers open in a single day. For a short time, the desert is covered with splendid color.

17. In the 19th century, Americans moved from the east to the west because they ____________.

A. enjoyed the trip

B. wanted to make their home there

C. wanted to find new grassland there

D. had no water to drink

18. From the passage, we can conclude that _________.

A. the western desert is a good place

B. there is little water but there are many trees in the desert

C. the desert is dangerous but it is full of beauty

D. till now, people know little about the desert

19. If you want to find some old native American pictures painted on the rock you must travel __________.

A. on foot B. by boat

C. by car D. by plane

20. In the 1800s many travelers died in Death Valley because of __________.

A. illness B. high temperature

C. cold weather D. poisonous water

（四）短文改错

Two woman passengers on a train were quarrelling. 1 ____________________

The conductor asked what was happened. One of them 2 ____________________

said, “If this window open, I will catch a cold. And 3 ____________________

maybe I’ll die.” The another woman said, “But if 4 ____________________

the window is shut, I will feel difficulty in breathing. 5 ____________________

I will die.” The conductor didn’t know how to do. 6 ____________________

A man was listening to all the time. He said that he 7 ____________________

had good idea. “First open the window. That will 8 ____________________

kill her.” He said, “Next shut it. That will kill the 9 ____________________

other. Then we can have peace, can’t we?” 10 ____________________

本单元重点单词

waiter n.（餐厅）服务员　 fly n.苍蝇

carriage n.（火车）客车厢（＝美car） cigar n. 雪茄烟；叶卷烟

announcement n. 通告；通知　 track n. 轨道

absence n. 不在；缺席　 truth n. 真相；实际情况

platform n. 讲台；站台　 book v. 预订；订（房间、车票等）

charge n. & v.费用；价钱；要求收费；索价　 brake v. 刹车；制动

cyclist n. 骑自行车的人　 extremely adv. 极其；非常

determine v. 决定；决心　 stupid adj. 愚蠢的；笨的

rude adj. 无礼的；粗鲁的　 permit n. 许可；执照；营业证；许可；允许　prison n. 监狱　 couple n. 夫妇；一对

district n. 区；地区；区域

本单元重点短语

play on words 双关语，俏皮话，文字游戏　 lay the table 摆设餐具（准备吃饭）

be angry about （或at） sth. 因某事生气　 rush hour（上下班时）车辆拥挤时间

be angry with sb. 生某人的气　 by accident =by chance 偶然

in common 共同；共用　 be up to 在干什么

go through 通过；完成　 on one’s own 独立地，独自地

a collection of　一批，大量　 take over 接收；接任

get in touch with 和……取得联系　 on vacation =on holiday 度假

turn up 到达，出现；仰起　 shout at 对……大声叫嚷

connect… to… 把……连接起来　 or rather 确切地说，或者说得正确些

in time for 及时赶上　 in order that 为了……

get on well = get along well 相处很好；生活得很好

be determined to do 决心做某事　 enjoy a long life 多活几年

think of 想起　 leave sb./sth. doing 使……继续处于某种状态

一、精彩回放

（一）重点单词

1. lay

【用法】v. 摆，放，躺；下蛋，产卵（过去式和过去分词均为laid）

例1：Tom laid his bag on the bed.

汤姆把包放在床上。

例2：The duck lays an egg every other day.

这只鸭子每两天下一个蛋。

【相关链接】

1）lay the table摆饭桌（准备吃饭）

例如：The waiters are busy laying the table.

服务员正忙于摆餐桌。

2）lay oneself down to sleep躺下睡觉

例如：He was too tired, and laid himself down to sleep.

他太累了，便一头倒在床上睡着了。

3）lay a carpet（cable; pipe）铺地毯（架电缆、铺管道）

例如：To keep their room clean, the new couple laid a carpet in the room.

为了让房间干净，新婚夫妇在房间里铺了地毯。

4）lay a bridge架桥

例如：They will lay a bridge across the river.

他们将在河上架座桥。

2. determine

【用法】v. 决定；决意，决心（做某事）

例1：Have you determined where you are going （where to go）for your holidays?

你已决定了去哪儿度假？

例2：She is determined to catch up with her classmates.

她下决心赶上其他同学。

3. charge

【用法一】n. 指控，控告；费用；责任，管理

例1：Tom was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment on the charge of stealing.

汤姆因指控偷盗而被判三年牢狱。

例2：Our service is free of charge.

我们提供免费服务。

例3：He assumed full charge of the firm in his father’s absence.

父亲不在时，他全权负责管理公司。

【用法二】v. 要价；猛冲，猛攻；指控，指责；分配任务

例1：He charged us too much.

他要价太高了。

例2：Mary charged/dashed into the room.

玛丽猛地冲进房间。

例3：She is charged with murder.

他被指控犯谋杀罪。

例4：He is charged with cleaning the classroom.

他被分配清扫教室。

【相关链接】

1）（be） in charge of 管理

例如：Who is in charge of this class?

谁是这个班的班主任?

2）（be） in the charge of 管理，负责

例如：This company is in the charge of him.

这家公司现由他负责。

4. book

【用法一】vt. 预订

例如：All the rooms have been booked out.

所有的房间都已被预订。

【用法二】n. 书

例如：There are all kinds of books in my bag.

我书包里有各种各样的书。

5. permit

【用法】vt. 许可，准许

例如：The doctor doesn’t permit me to stay up late.

医生不让我熬夜。

注：permit侧重表示得到权威的认可，正式条文或法规的“准许”，多用于正式的场合，语气强。其后接名/代词与不定式构成复合宾语，但不接从句。若permit的主语不是表示人的名词或代词，后面可以接动名词；如果是表示人的名/代词，则不能。

例如：His illness doesn’t permit his smoking / him to smoke.

由于有病，他不能吸烟。

【相关链接】

1） permission n. 允许

例如：Without parents’ permission, we can not go out alone.

没有父母的允许，我们不能单独外出。

2）allow侧重于听任、默许、不加阻止，是日常用语。后跟名/代词、动名词、双宾语或不定式作宾补的复合宾语，但不跟从句。

例如：Father didn’t allow me to go to the movie.

父亲不让我去看电影。

（二）重要词组

1. by accident （=by chance=accidentally）

by accident （=by chance=accidentally） 偶然

例1：I only found it by accident.

我仅仅是偶然发现这个的。

例2：I got the right answer to the question by accident / accidentally.

突然，我想到了问题的答案。

2. in common

in common 共同

例1： We are good friends because we have many things in common.

我们是好朋友，因为我们有许多共同之处。

例2：Though people may be different in language and race, they have one thing in common——they love peace.

人们虽然在语言和种族上不同，但有一点相通，那就是，他们热爱和平。

3. get in touch with …

get in touch with … 和……取得联系

例如：He got in touch with his friends by telephone yesterday.

昨天他通过电话跟他的朋友取得了联系。

【相关链接】

1）keep in touch with….和…保持联系

例如：A newspaper keeps one in touch with the world.

报纸能使人与世界保持联系。

2）be in touch with …和…有联系

例如：They are close friends and now they are still in touch with each other.

他们是好朋友，他们现在依然保持联系。

3）be （ get ） out of touch （ with ） …失去联系，脱离

例如：We’ve been out of touch with Roger for years now.

我们至今已有数年末与罗杰来往了。

4）lose touch （ with ）…和…失去联系

例如：The boy went through the forest by himself and soon lost touch with us.

男孩独自一个人穿越森林，很快就与我们失去了联系。

4. on one’s own

【用法】on one’s own 独立地

例如：It’s a happy day when you’re allowed to drive a car on your own/ alone.

如果你被允许一个人驾车的话，那是快乐的一天。

【相关链接】

of one’s own 某人自己的

例如：Our children have grown up and have children of their own.

我们的孩子都长大了，而且都有了自己的孩子。

5. turn up

turn up反弹，翻耕，查阅（字典等）

【用法一】 （指股票、股市等） 上扬，反弹，升值

例1：Investment is turning up sharply.

投资额急剧增长。

【用法二】露面，出现

例2：We arranged to meet at the cinema at 7:30, but he failed to turn up.

我们安排七点半在电影院见面，可他没来。

【用法三】 （失去后）被发现或找到（尤指偶然地）

例3：I’m sure your watch will turn up one of these days.

我敢肯定某一天你的手表会找到的。

【用法四】 开大（音量、煤气等）

例4：I can’t hear the radio very well. Could you turn it up a bit?

我听不很清收音机的声音，麻烦调大一点？

【用法五】 翻出

例5：The farmer turned up a human skull while ploughing the field.

农夫在犁田时候，犁出一块人头颅。

【用法六】 折起衣边改短（衣服）

例6：These trousers are too long, they’ll need turning up/to be turned up.

这裤子太长，需要改短。

【用法七】 查阅（字典等）

例7： Not being sure of the word, he turned /looked it up in the dictionary.

由于对这个单词没把握，他就去查词典。

【相关链接】

1）turn （a）round 转身

例如：The little girl turned round and ran to her mother.

女孩转身向母亲跑去。

2）turn away 不理睬，不从事；撵走

例1：You shouldn’t turn away from all your old friends.

你不应该不理睬你的老朋友。

例2：He turned away three applicants.

他拒绝了三则申请。

3）turn down 拒绝；调低

例1：The company turned down the suggestion of shorter hours.

公司拒不接受缩短工作时间的建议。

例2：Turn down the TV.

请调低电视机的音量。

4）turn into变为，译为

例1：It turned into a nice day.

天放晴了。

例2：Can you turn the text into good English?

你能把课文翻译成地道的英语吗？

5）turn out 关掉；结果是……

例1：He turned out the light and followed his wife upstairs.

他关掉灯，随妻子上楼了。

例2：How did the examination turn out?

考试的结果怎样？

6）turn over 交给；随便看看；翻身

例1：He turned over the business to his son.

他把事情交给了自己的儿子。

例2：He turned over a page or two, but was not interested.

他随便地翻了一两页，可不感半点趣。

例3：He turned over in bed.

他在床上辗转反侧。

7）turn to 求助于；变成

例1：He couldn’t work out the problem and finally turned to his father.

他无法算出这道题，最终向父亲求助。

例2：The snow soon turned to rain.

雪很快就变成了雨。

6. be up to

be up to 中的to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。

【用法一】“从事于……，忙于……, 相当于be doing sth.”但常指“（打算）做到某种顽皮的、不好的事情”。

例1：Go and see what the naughty boys are up to.

去看一看那顽皮的男孩正在干什么玩意儿。

【用法二】“应由某人担任或负责”，常用it作形式主语。

例2：It’s up to you to decide what we should do next.

我们下一步该做什么，你说了算。

【用法三】“胜任，适于“

例3：The product is up to standard.

这产品符合标准。

7. or rather

or rather 更确切地说

例1：We stayed at my friend’s house, or rather at my friend’s parents’ house.

我们住在朋友家里，确切地说是朋友父母的家里。

例2：He is my cousin, or rather my father’s cousin.

他是我亲戚，更确切地说是我父亲的亲戚。

8. for a moment

for a moment 指一段时间，意思是“片刻，瞬间”。

例如：Please wait for a moment.

请稍等片刻。

【相关链接】

1）for the moment指时间的一点，意思是“暂时，目前”。

例如：Please stop the discussion for the moment.

请暂时停止一下讨论。

2）at the moment用于现在时态中，相当于now；用于过去时态中，相当于then。

例如：I am （was） busy at the moment.

现在/那时我很忙。

（三）难点句型

1. The second person treats it as a question about shape.

第二个人把它看作为形状问题。

【解析1】句中treat为及物动词，意为“看待，对待”，还有“治疗，处理”等意思。

例如：He treated me kindly.

他待我很和气。

【解析2】treatment 为名词，意思是“治疗”。

例如：He tried many treatments.

他尝试了各种治疗方法。

【相关链接】

1）treat…as “把……当作对待（款待）”，主要指在某种认识基础上处理或对待事物，重点放在行动上。

例1：He treated my words as a joke.

他把我的话当成玩笑。

2）treat with 和……谈判，和……商谈。

例2：They decided to treat with the enemy （for peace）.

（为了和平）他们决定与敌人谈判。

3）consider…as意为“把……看作，认为”，可表示思考或根据经验得出结论。

例3：You surely can’t consider him as a selfish man.

你不要以为他自私。

4）regard…as意为“把……看作，认为”，可表示根据外表得出结论，或个人偏袒之意。

例4：I regard the movie as one of the worst I’ve ever seen.

我认为这部电影是我看过的最差的之一。

5）look on/upon…as意为“把……看作；把……当作”。

例5：I don’t look on/upon him as a good doctor.

我以为他不是一个好医生。

6）take…as 意为“假定；假设；设想”，常表示没有充分根据的看法或做法。

例6：Will you take me as your partner?

你会把我当作你的伙伴吗？

7）see…as 意为“看法”，根据个人的观察或体会所得出的认识。

例7：I can’t see you as a mother.

我无法把你当作母亲。

8）think of…as意为“认为，以为”。

例8：You mustn’t think of me as being unhappy.

你不要以为我不高兴。

2. He had gone through six carriages when he found he could go no further.

他走了六节车厢，这时他发现再也走不过去了。

【解析】主语+had +过去分词+when 引导的从句（before引导的从句）此句型主句的谓语动词用过去完成时态、肯定式；从句用一般过去时，意为“刚……就……”，“一……就……”，表示主句的动作发生后，从句的动作接着发生。e.g.

例1：He had stayed several days before （when） he knew she had returned.

他呆了几天才知道她已返回。

例2：They had walked a few hours when （before） they arrived at the village.

他们走了好几个小时才到达村庄。

例3：She had gone through just a few carriages before she found herself at the front of the train. 她只走过几节车厢就发现自己已经来到车厢的前部。

（四）语法精讲

v.-ing作形式宾补和状语的用法

1. v-ing形式作宾语补足语。

v-ing形式在句中除了作主语、宾语和表语外，还可作谓语动词的宾语补足语。能用v-ing形式作宾补的谓语的词常见的有感觉动词hear, see, notice, watch, feel, find, catch, observe, smell, listen to, look at和使役动词have, get, set, send, leave, keep, start等。

例1：We left the children playing in the garden.

我们把孩子们留在花园里玩耍。

例2：This remark set everyone thinking.

这番话引起大家深思。

例3：The blow sent him flying.

这一击把他打倒了。

例4：I can smell trouble coming.

我凭直觉感到要有麻烦了。

2. v-ing形式作状语

v-ing形式可用来说明句中谓语动词所处的状态，在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式、比较或伴随等状语。除伴随状语相当于并列句外，其他状语相当状语从句的作用。有时，v-ing形式前可加上连词when，while，though，as if等。

1）作时间状语

例如：Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. （= When he heard the good news.）

听到了好消息后，他高兴得跳起来。

2）作原因状语

例如：Not knowing what to do, she turned to her father for help. （= As she didn’t knows what to do.）

由于不知道做什么，她便向父亲求助。

3）作让步状语

例如：Though working hard at English, I failed in the exam. （= Though I worked hard at English.）

我虽然努力学习英语，但是考试还是没及格。

4）作结果状语

例如：Her husband died, leaving her with three children. （= so that he left her with three children.）

她丈夫死了，给她留下和三个孩子。

5）作方式状语

例如：He was talking all the while as if talking to himself. （= as if he were talking to himself.）

他一直在说个不停，好象是自言自语。

6）作伴随状语表行为或方式

例如：She worked deep into the night preparing the report. （=and prepared the report 或and she prepared the report.）

她工作到深夜，在准备报告。

3. 当谓语动词的动作发生在分词所表示的动作正在进行的过程中时，作状语的分词并一般要加上when，while等连词。

例如：When crossing the street, he was knocked down by a speeding car. （= when he was crossing the street.）

当穿过马路时，他被一辆飞驰而过的汽车撞倒了。

4. v-ing形式作状语的时态与语态。

1）v-ing形式的一般式通常表示与句中谓语同时发生的动作或状态。

例如：Walking in the street, I met with an old friend of mine. （= When I was walking in the street.）

在街上散步的时候，我遇见了我的一位老朋友。

2）v-ing 形式的完成时（having+过去分词）作状语表示其动作发生在句中谓语动作之前。

例如：Having finished the work, we had a rest. （= After we had finished the work.）

做完了工作后，我们休息了一会儿。

3）v-ing形式的被动式（being+过去分词）表示与它的逻辑主语是动宾关系。

例如：Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. （= When it is seen from the top of the hill.）

从山顶上看去，城市看起来更加美丽。

（五）交际用语

表示肯定或不肯定（Sure or unsure）

1. I’m （not） sure （of that）.

我对……深信不疑/不确信。

2. I’m sure （that）….

我肯定……

3. I’m not sure whether/if….

我不敢肯定是否……

4. I doubt if….

我怀疑是否……

5. Perhaps/ Maybe.

也许/可能。

二、活学活用

下面是关于玩文字游戏（Playing on words）的三段对话，请根据本单元所学内容，补全对话。

（A）

A: Have you got chicken’s legs?

B: No, sir, I always 1 .

（B）

A: What’s wrong with these eggs?

B: Don’t ask me, sir. I only 2 .

（C）

A: How did you 3 , Madam?

B: Quite by accident. I moved a few peas and there it was.

三、写作快速通关

Flying

Men have always wanted to fly like birds. Birds can fly easily because they are light, but men’s bodies are heavier.

Men first went up into the air in balloons. These are big bags, and they are filled with gas. Hydrogen is a useful gas for balloons. It is lighter than air. Helium is also lighter than air, but it costs a lot of money. So balloons were （and are） usually filled with hydrogen.

Balloons have to fly with the wind as they have no engines to drive them against it. Later, men made airships. These were balloons with engines, but they were also filled with hydrogen and some of them caught fire because the hydrogen escaped and the engines heated it. Then the airship was completely burnt in a few seconds.

Aircraft with wings now take people across the world. Powerful engines drive these machines across the sky. Some of the engines are like the engines of cars, but they are more powerful.

There is another kind of engine which we call the jet engine. An English engineer invented the jet engine. In May 1942 his new engine was fixed in an aircraft, and the aircraft flew quite well. At the same time the Germans were also building a jet engine; but neither country told the other, of course.

Jet engines are very powerful. Usually two, three or four are enough for an aeroplane; but some big aircraft have six. Anyone in a moving jet plane can feel the power of the engines. Jet planes can travel faster than sound. （Sound travels at about 1100 feet a second. That is about 760 miles an hour.） As a flying jet plane leaves its noise behind it, we do not hear it until it has gone.

Notes: 1. hydrogen n.氢气 2. helium n. 氦气 3. be filled with 充满

2、日积月累

1）高考常用词语

（1）go up into the air飞上天

（2）balloon气球

（3）airship飞艇

（4）These are big bags, and they are filled with gas.气球是巨大的、充满了气体的大袋子。

（5）in a few seconds　一会儿

（6）jet engine喷气式发动机

（7）at the same time同时

（8）powerful强大的；作用大的

（9）aeroplane = aircraft飞机

（10）leave … behind留下；把……丢在后面

2）写作素材积累

1）表让步的转折词：

表让步的转折词有after all, anyway, anyhow, all the same（=just the same）, that’s right, despite, in any case, very well.

例如：（1）I’m very nervous about the cameras. After all, they are putting something into a can for posterity, and I want to know what they’re up to. As long as you have time to look at a rehearsal of a performance first –as we did with the video of “Otello”—it’s O.K.

（2） I’d stopped going to the Lord Nelson in the evenings, and taken to looking in at the back bar of the George—the Private Bar. A very nice crowd used to get in there. Anyway, the reason I mention it is because Len Weatherhead used to go there very often. He was really one of the big boys.

2）表结果的转折词：

这类词有：accordingly, at all events, as it turned out, for that reason, in any event, just as well, but for, consequently, somehow, thanks to, therefore, thus, so等。

例如：1） She arrived late, gave answers in an offhand manner, and of course displeased the interviewing panel.

2） Seeing that he had no chance of winning, he consequently pretended he wasn’t trying.

3、高考演习

请根据提示写一则通知。假如你是学校播音员，要传达学校的通知，写一则词数100左右的口头通知。包括以下内容：

1）根据早上收音机的天气预报（weather forecast）说今晚有大雨，要求同学们离开教室时关好门窗。

2）原计划明天举行的运动会推迟，天气转晴后再另行通知。明天照常上星期三的课。

3）明天较冷，同学们要注意加衣服，骑车上学的同学骑车时不要打伞（keep an umbrella open）。

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四、海外风情

（A）The Two Different Ways of British Leisure Life

British people are always famous for their conservative nature. Nevertheless, they also have some interesting ways to enjoy themselves.

（一）英国人的两种不同的休闲方式

英国人素来以保守闻名。不过，尽管这样，他们仍旧会以有趣的方式享受生活。

俱乐部的生活开始于1650年-----咖啡成为饮品的时候。由于俱乐部的成员要求控制为50人,所以成员都是上、下议员中的头头和一些达观显贵。不过，仍旧有一个最著名的非政治性的俱乐部叫“另类俱乐部”，因为她的宗旨是“倾听别人的呼声。”

和俱乐部相比较，明显不同的是人们非常熟悉的烤饼节。烤饼节在大斋节的第一天，通常在二月二和三月八日间。人们认为此节日是用来纪念斋戒日里禁止食用黄油和鸡蛋类的。过去，在斋戒日前,家庭主妇总是匆匆忙忙地把所有的黄油和鸡蛋都吃完。

（B） Historian Wants Napoleon DNA Test

For decades, the fate of Napoleon Bonaparte has been debated and studied. Now a French historian is locked in an uphill battle against the government over a DNA test he says could end the doubts.

Historian Bruno Roy-Henry believes British authorities may have removed Napoleon’s remains before his coffin was returned to France in 1840 - and that the body under the gilded dome of Les Invalides is that of another man.

But France’s Defense Ministry has refused, at least for now, to allow a DNA test, which Roy-Henry contends would put an end to all questions about the identity of the body in Napoleon’s Tomb.

"I have a feeling that the French authorities are very perturbed," Roy-Henry said.

Roy-Henry points to a series of anomalies surrounding Napoleon’s death on the South Atlantic island of St. Helena in 1821, and the transfer of his remains to Paris 19 years later.

The ministry also told Roy-Henry he must seek the agreement of Napoleon’s descendants, some of whom live in Italy and the emperor’s birthplace of Corsica, to provide a DNA sample before the case can proceed further.

But what would have been the British motive for removing the body? The circumstances surrounding Napoleon’s death are a subject of fierce debate.

While textbooks say Napoleon died of stomach cancer, claims that the British poisoned him with arsenic are rife. If that were the case, they would have tried to hide the crime, Roy-Henry argued.

He concedes that there is no proof for any of those theories. But a DNA test could at least settle the question about who lies in the tomb.

（二）拿破仑死因扑朔迷离 有待DNA测试大白真相

几十年来，拿破仑的死因一直是人们争论和研究的对象。如今，一位法国历史学家正力图冲破政府方面的阻力，通过DNA测试来揭开这一历史之谜。

历史学家布鲁诺·罗伊·亨利认为在1840年拿破仑的棺椁运抵法国之前，英国政府已经偷梁换柱，转移了他的遗体，而如今摆放在荣军院金色屋顶下的其实是另一个人的尸体。

尽管亨利称这项DNA测试能够确认拿破仑坟墓里那具尸体的身份，使得所有疑问得以真相大白，但是法国国防部却拒绝进行测试，至少在目前是这样的。

罗伊·亨利说道：“我有一种感觉，法国政府对此感到十分不安。”

亨利指的是当初围绕拿破仑之死的种种反常的事情：拿破仑1821年在南大西洋圣赫勒那岛上溘去，可是他的遗体19年之后才被运回巴黎。

国防部还告诉罗伊·亨利说，他必须求得一些居住在意大利和其出生地--科西嘉岛的拿破仑后裔们的同意，请求他们为进一步的测试提供DNA样本。

然而英国人转移拿破仑尸体的动机到底是什么呢？围绕拿破仑之死所涉及的这些情况仍是一个颇有争议的论题。

罗伊·亨利称，尽管教科书上说拿破仑是死于胃癌，但是除此之外还有另一种普遍的说法：拿破仑是被英国人用砒霜毒害的。如果后一种说法属实的话，英国政府就自然要想方设法掩盖罪行。

他承认目前还没有证据证明任何一种推测的真伪。但是如果进行DNA测试的话，至少可以查出躺在拿破仑坟墓里的人到底是谁。

五、单元测试

（一）单项填空

A. in common B. by accident

C. in a hurry D. on average

2.——Excuse me, what is the _____ of this room?

——Fifty dollars a night.

A. pay B. use C. cost D. charge

A. satisfied; determined B. satisfied; determining

C. satisfied with; determined D. satisfied with; determining

A. before; decided B. as, were taken

C. before; booked D. when; ordered

5. She is supposed to attend the meeting. But why hasn’t she______?

A. turned up B. turned down

C. turned out D. turned

A. had seen B. was going to

C. was up to go D. was about to go

A. hoped B. to hope C. hoping D. had hoped

8.——Do you like supermarket?

—— ______. I like to shop in small shops where the owners know me.

A. Nor do I B. Not especially

C. No problem D. I hope not

A. the meaning of whom B. of whose meaning

C. which the meaning D. the meaning of which

A. for; moving B. up to; moving

C. up for; to move D. upon; to move

A. lied; laid; lying B. lain; lay;; lain

C. lied; laid; lain D. lay; lied; laying

A. to die; to live B. dying; to live

C. die; live D. death; living

A. when B. which C. as D. that

14.______ a computer works is a question ______ not everyone can answer quickly.

A. How; that B. That; which

C. What; which D. When; that

A. was booked B. had been booked

C. were booked D. have been booked

（二）完形填空

Some years ago, an American policeman found a woman lying near a lonely road. She did not appear to have 1 , but she was trembling and clearly in a state of shock, so he rushed her to the 2 hospital. She began to tell the doctor on duty a story which was 3 in all respects. She had been 4 along a country road 5 she had been stopped by a flying saucer 6 in front of her. She had been forced to have the car stopped and 7 the flying saucer by creatures which looked like human beings and which could easily make themselves 8 although they could not 9 . They could read her thoughts and she could read 10 . They tested her politely and allowed her to 11 after carrying out a number of tests on her. As she otherwise seemed to be 12 , the doctor decided that she was probably suffering from the side effects of some medicine. The woman insisted on being 13 to go home, but when she gave her address, it was in a town over a thousand miles from the 14 . The police then started to make inquiries （打听） and soon 15 that there was already a 16 going on for the woman, 17 husband badly reported that she had 18 . Her car had been found with the driver’s door open and the engine running, 19 the car, the surface of the road had been completely destroyed, not by an explosion or anything of that kind, but 20 a large, round, white, hot object had burnt through it.

1. A. a rest B. an accident C. a test D. an idea

2. A. most famous B. most expensive C. best D. nearest

3. A. funny B. sad C. moving D. astonishing

4. A. driving B. walking C. running D. wandering

5. A. as ` B. since C. when D. if

5. A. rising B. flying C. running D. landing

6. A. enter B. visit C. watch D. see

7. A. noticed B. seen C. understood D. heard

8. A. move B. think C. read D. speak

9. A. their B. theirs C. her D. hers

10. A. leave B. stay C. drive D. watch

12. A. happy B. thankful C. nervous D. normal

13. A. told B. allowed C. advised D. ordered

14. A. earth B. car C. road D. hospital

15. A. decided B. believed C. supposed D. discovered

16. A. discussion B. search C. movement D. meeting

17. A. which B. when C. whose D. where

18. A. disappeared B. fled C. returned D. hanged

19. A. Behind B. In front of C. Below D. At the foot of

20. A. as B. if C. as if D. only if

（三）阅读理解

（A）

The Man on the Waves

The white-topped waves rose high above Josh’s head. It was all he could do to stop himself crying out in fear.

As the water went down, he turned his head away. Into his ears were the sounds of a wave pounding （敲击） onto the yacht’s foredeck as the water flowed over the side and back into the sea.

Breathing heavily, he looked up. The yacht’s sails, large and fatbellied （膨胀的）, were filled with the wind he could hear blowing around him. At his side, almost within the touching distance, the sea was rushing past.

Another wave went against the bow, then another, sending spray high into the air, Josh could almost taste the salt on his lips.

He looked ahead. The horizon was hardly seen, merging with the gray clouds. Looking this way and that, there was no piece of land. He was alone, very alone, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

And then everything went dark.

1. Why was he in fear?

A. He saw a snake. B. He could not control himself to cry out.

C. The waves rose high above his head. D. Not mentioned.

2. What did he hear?

A. The waves pounded onto the deck. B. The sounds of the flowing water.

C. Some people were talking. D. All of the above.

3. Where was he?

A. He was in a lake. B. He was in an Ocean.

C. He was in a sea. D. He was in a boat.

4. When did the story happened?

A. At night. B. At noon.

C. Late in the afternoon. D. Early in the afternoon.

（B）

Some people are pessimistic（悲观的）when they think about the future. They say that, a hundred years from now, we will have used most of the earth’s resources. We will have polluted our seas badly, and be unable to eat fish from them. We will have made the air so dirty that we will need to wear masks. The world’s population will have doubled, and we will have used all the countryside for housing; there will be no farmland left.

Other people believe that Man can adapt （适应） to new circumstances very easily. They have a different idea of the future. How, in their view, will people be living in a hundred years’ time? One architect （建筑师）believes that Man will move off the land. He suggests that the city of the future will be a huge, pyramid- shaped building, which will be floating on the surface of the sea. About 5,000 families will be living there, and the building will contain shops and schools as well as homes. By living on the sea, we will give the farmers more land to grow crops.

As for oil, people will no longer need it: they will be heating their homes with power from the sun. And we will not be short of minerals, because there are a lot under our oceans. At the moment, we do not have the technology to get them out. But, in a hundred years’ time, the optimists（乐观主义者）say, the new sea cities will be using these resources.

What will be in the shops in the year 3000? What will people be wearing? How will people be traveling?

Scientists who make predictions（预测）about the future suggest that, by the year 3000, shops will no longer exist. Computers will have replaced them; and people will order goods from home.

People will be wearing very light, thin clothes. By this time, scientists will have invented a fabric（纤维）that keeps us cool in hot weather and warm in cold weather.

As for travel, the experts say most people will be using public transport. Electric cars will be traveling through the streets day and night. Anybody will be able to stop one and use it.

Unfortunately, we will not be there to see if these predictions will come true.

5. Pessimists believe that _________ in the future.

A. the seas and oceans will be full of houses

B. we’ll have run out of most of the oceans’ resources

C. we will have enough fish to eat from the seas

D. we will need to wear masks because we’ll have made the air so dirty

6. The architect believes the city of the future is __________.

A. a floating one B. on the surface of the sea

C. a huge pyramid D. a pyramid-shaped building

7. Other people have suggested that __________.

A. all the land will be too polluted to be cropped on

B. pyramids will be the most commonly- used houses

C. people will be using the power from the sun instead of oil

D. we will be short of materials even though we get them from under the oceans

8. We can infer from the passage that __________.

A. we’ll buy goods with no money

B. all the activities will be carried out in the sea

C. clothes will be light and thin

D. there will be no cars

（C）

The birth of blues was on the Mississippi River in the early 1900s. In those days the slaves were free but life was still not easy. They had to find new work. In the south, black people worked on farms and on building up the Mississippi River. During the week the people worked long and hard. They often lived alone, without their families, far from home.

On the weekends, the workers got together at picnics or drinking places. The musicians sang songs about the difficult life of the workers. These songs were called the blues.

If you have the blues it means you feed very sad. You can have the blues because you have no money, no lover, no home, no job, or no friend. You can have the St Louis blues, the Memphis blues, or the Monday morning blues.

Maybe you have had the homework blues or the examination blues. But blues songs were not always sad. Some of them were happy and many of them were funny.

Blues was a new kind of music. In blues songs some notes were flattened（降半音）. These notes were called “blue notes”. They made the music sound sad and different.

Early blues singers often had very interesting names like Blind Lemon Jefferson, Howlin Wolf.

Blues began in the country in the south. As blacks moved into the big cities to work, the blues went with them. There, they sang about life in the cities. W. C. Handy, a black from Memphis made the blues popular all over America.

In 1914 he wrote the most famous blues song of all, “The St Louis Blues”.

9. “The blues” is _________.

A. the name of a city B. the name of a song

C. the name of a musician D. a kind of song sung by blacks

10. “The blues” was mainly about __________.

A. the Mississippi River B. the difficult life of black workers

C. life on farms D. some funny stories

11. “To have the blues” really means __________.

A. to feel very sad B. to feel very happy

C. to feel very tired D. to have a blue colour

12. Blues first came from __________.

A. big cities B. the countryside in the south

C. the countryside in the north D. Memphis

（D）

Scientists find that hardworking people live longer than average men and women. Career（职业） women are healthier than housewives. Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than the job-holders. An investigation（调查） shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increases by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.

Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness or solitude. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work, people come into contact with each other. By collective activities, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and makes him ill.

Besides, work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow, they are happy beyond words.

From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work, the happier and healthier you will be. Let us work hard and study well and live a happy and healthy life.3. What may be the reason that housewives are not as healthy as career women?

A. They are poorer than career women. B. They have more children than career women.

C. They have less chance to communicate with others.

D. They eat less food than career women.

14. Which statement is TRUE according to the second paragraph?

A. Busy people have nothing to do at home.

B. High achievers don’t care about their families.

C. There are no friendship and warmth at home.

D. A satisfying job helps to keep you healthy.

15. The best title for this passage may be “_______”.

A. People should find a job B. Hard work is good for health

C. People should make more friends by work

D. The loss of work means the loss of everything

16. The underlined work “contact” means _________.

A. holding B. taking

C. touching D. living

（E）

Most people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.

The first kind of loneliness is temporary（暂时的）. This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation—for example, a family problem the death of a loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.

The third kind of loneliness is the most serious. Unlike the second type, chronic（长期的） loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific reason. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others.

Unfortunately, many chronically （长期的） lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition.

Psychologists（心理学家） agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person’s social contacts, e.g.., friends, family members, coworkers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popularity.

Psychologists are trying to find ways to help actually lonely people for two reasons: they are unhappy and unable to socialize and there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illnesses such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy part of life, chronic loneliness can be a very sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.

A. Talk to friends. B. Just ignore it.

C. Go to see a doctor. D. Ask your teachers for guidance.

18. “It” in the last sentence of the second paragraph refers to ___________.

A. temporary loneliness B. situational loneliness

C. a new place D. sleeplessness

19. Why do psychologists want to help chronically lonely people?

A. Chronic loneliness can cause family problems.

B. Chronic loneliness can cause serious illnesses.

C. Chronic loneliness cannot be overcome.

D. A, B and C are all correct.

20. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Three Kinds of loneliness. B. Loneliness and Diseases.

C. Loneliness and Social Contacts. D. Chronic Loneliness.

（四）短文改错

Sunlight, as we know, is formed by 1 ____________________

seven different colouring lights. The wave 2 ____________________

length of each changes, so a quantity 3 ____________________

of heat containing in each light changes, 4 ____________________

too. Flowers, especially the pet（花瓣）,

are easy to harm by tall temperature. 5 ____________________

Black flowers can take up all the light 6 ____________________

waves causing the flowers to dry up at a 7 ____________________

high temperature. So they can’t hardly live 8 ____________________

good in the sunlight. Other flowers can 9 ____________________

protect themselves from the coloured light

which contain a large quantity of heat. 10 ____________________